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Understanding Cell Physiology: The Intricate World of Cells

Delve into the fascinating realm of cell physiology, exploring the intricacies of cell organelles, DNA replication, RNA transcription, protein synthesis, energy extraction in mitochondria, and the dynamic cytoskeleton.

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Understanding Cell Physiology: The Intricate World of Cells

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  1. CELL PHYSIOLOGY CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

  2. CELL ORGANELLES Mitochondrion Nucleus

  3. CELL ORGANELLES • Cell Membrane • Nucleus • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi complex • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • Microfilaments and microtubules • Vesicles

  4. THE NUCLEUS • Site of DNA (In chromosomes) • Enclosed by a membrane

  5. DNA REPLICATION • The double helix “unzips” • New bases pair up with the old ones • The molecule replicates itself • Two identical copies each with one old strand and one new

  6. RNA TRANSCRIPTION • Messenger RNA “copies” from DNA • m-RNA caries the message to the rough ER

  7. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM • Fluid filled membrane system • Rough ER: Protein Synthesis • Smooth ER: Synthesis of Lipids

  8. Rough ER : Site of Protein Synthesis • Rough ER contains ribosomes • M-RNA attaches to ribosome • A triplet of bases is a Codon • Transfer RNA has an anticodon at one end and the appropriate amino acid at the other • As the code is read, amino acids are assembled into a protein

  9. ER -> Golgi -> Secretion

  10. Exocytosis • Vesicles fuse with the membrane • They open to the outside and discharge their contents

  11. MITOCHONDRIA • Extract Energy from Food Fuels • Energy is stored in ATP • Aerobic Metabolism

  12. Anaerobic Metabolism • Sugar can be burned without oxygen - anaerobically • Far more energy released from burning sugar aerobically • Glycolysis is anaerobic-carried out in cytosol • Glucose ----> 3 Carbon fragments plus 2 ATP

  13. Aerobic Metabolism • Pyruvic Acid (3 C fragment) enters Mitochondria • Combines with Coenzyme A loosing a CO2 and becoming Acetyl Coenzyme A (2 C fragment) • This fragment enters a cyclic reaction scheme, the Citric Acid Cycle • Ultimately, 34 more ATP’s are produced

  14. THE CYTOSKELETON • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Intermediate Filaments • Microtubular Lattice

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