Cell Physiology

1. Cell Physiology Chapter 4 http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/

2. Objectives • I will be able to • compare the processes of diffusion, dialysis, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. • Discuss the active cell transport mechanisms responsible for movement of some materials through cell membranes. • Compare and contrast passive and active cell transport processes. • Describe the role of enzymes in cell metabolism. • We will • Outline the process of cellular respiration and discuss its importance. • Discuss, compare, and contrast the four distinct phases of mitosis and meiosis. • Discuss and give examples of how cells adapt to changing conditions and what kinds of changes may be harmful to the body.

3. Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes (p. 91) • Passive transport processes (Table 4-1) • Diffusion(Figs. 4-1, 4-2, 4-3) • Dialysis(Fig. 4-4) • Separation of small from larger molecules • Osmosis(Figs. 4-5, 4-6) • Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (osmotic pressure)

4. Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes (p. 91) • Passive transport processes(Table 4-1) • Facilitated diffusion (Fig. 4-7) • Carrier mediated • Filtration • Water passage by force of hydrostatic pressure • Separate large from small • Capillaries

5. Movement of Substances Through Cell Membranes (p. 91) • Active transport processes (Table 4-1) • Substances move against a gradient; using pumps • Endocytosis(Fig. 4-9) • Phagocytosis • Pinocytosis • Exocytosis(Figs. 3-2, 3-5) What do these words actually mean?

6. Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • Enzymes reduce activation energy • Regulate cell metabolism • Chemical structure of enzymes(Fig. 4-10) • Proteins • Active site

7. Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • General functions of enzymes • Most enzymes are action-specific (Fig. 4-10) • Chemical and physical agents activate or inactivate by changing shape (Figs. 4-11, 4-12) • Allosteric effectors (give me some examples) • End-product inhibition occurs • Most enzymes catalyze reversible reactions

8. Comp-book Writing assignment • Write 5-6 sentences • Explain the similarities and differences between active and passive transport. Give examples of each and where in our body the process occurs.

9. Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • General functions of enzymes • Many enzymes are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes (Fig. 4-11)

10. Catabolism (p.102) • Overview of cellular respiration (Fig. 2-29) • Glucose is broken down to yield stored energy • Glycolysis(what is the fate of Pyruvic acid?) (Figs. 4-13, 4-14) • Citric acid cycle (Figs. 4-14, 27-6) • Electron transport system (Figs. 4-14, 27-7)

11. Anabolism (p.104) • Building pathways • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (Figs. 4-15, 4-16) • Double helix; transfers information; directs protein synthesis • Genes = segment of DNA; codes for synthesizing one polypeptide (amino acid compound)

12. Anabolism (p.104) Transcription(Fig. 4-14; Table 4-2) Translation(Figs. 3-3, 4-18, 3-5; Table 4-2) • Process of using tRNA to convert the mRNA strand into stings of amino acids • proteins • Converting DNA to mRNA to prepare for protein synthesis

13. Growth and Reproduction of Cells (Fig. 4-19) • Cell growth (p. 109) • Production of cytoplasm (Table 4-2) • Amount of cytoplasm doubles preparing for separation • DNA replication (Fig. 4-20; Table 4-3) • Chromosomes double • Genetic material same in all cells (mitosis) • Genetic material in haploid number (meiosis)

14. Growth and Reproduction of Cells • Cell reproduction (p. 111) • Cytokinesis(Fig. 4-22) • Mitosis(Table 4-4; Fig 4-22) • Prophase(Figs. 4-21; 4-22, B) • Metaphase(Fig. 4-22, C) • Anaphase(Fig. 4-22, D) • Telophase(Fig. 4-22, E) • Meiosis(Fig. 4-23) (Covered in more detail in Chapters 31–33) • MeiosisI • MeiosisII

15. Group assignment • You will act out the phase of mitosis you are given. • Shhhh it’s a secret and your classmates have to guess • You will be in groups of 5-6 and everyone must participate.

16. Mitosis • Interphase • 46 chromosomes

17. Mitosis • Prophase • Chromosomes doubled (92)

18. Mitosis • Metaphase • Nucleus dissolves • Microtubules attach • Chromosomes align at the middle

19. Mitosis • Anaphase • Separated chromosomes pulled apart

20. Mitosis • Telophase • Microtubules disappear • Cell division occurs

21. Mitosis • Cytokinesis • Two daughter cells are formed • 46 chromosomes each

22. Cycle of life: Cells (Table 4-5) • Different cells have different life cycles • Aging creates cell numbers and function • Muscles atrophy • Loss of skin elasticity • Bone density • Cardio and respiratory

23. The Big Picture: Cells Physiology and the Whole Body (p. 116) • Most process occur at the same time throughout the body • Genetic code dictates normal cell functions

24. Mechanisms of Disease (p. 116) • Cellular Disease • Disorders involving cell transport (Fig. 4-24) • Cystic fibrosis • Chloride ion pump in cell membrane are missing • Salty and thick mucous secretions • Duchennemuscular dystrophy • Leaky cell membranes; false muscle growth • Disorders involving cell membrane receptors • Type 2 diabetes • Insulin receptors less sensitive; cells starved for glucose located outside the cell but can not get in

25. Mechanisms of Disease (p. 116) • Cellular Disease • Disorders involving cell reproduction • Cancer • Disorders involving DNA and protein synthesis • Sickle-cell anemia • Abnormal hemoglobin production • Infections • Bacterial and viral damage to cells

26. The End

27. Cell Metabolism/Enzymes (p. 98) • Classification and naming of enzymes (-ase) • Oxidation-reduction enzymes (give me 2 examples) • Hydrolyzing enzymes (Found where?) • Phosphorylating enzymes (add or remove what?) • Enzymes that add or remove carbon dioxide (?) • Enzymes that rearrange atoms within a molecule (?) • Hydrases(what do they do with water?)