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Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment. Scientific Revolution.
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Scientific Revolution The roots of the Scientific Revolution can be found in the Renaissance with the work of Copernicus, Galileo, Harvey and other scientists. It rejected traditional authority and church teachings in favor of the direct observation of nature. The revolution in science was based on the new scientific method – in which people observed nature, made hypotheses through experiments. • State the problem • Gather information • Form a hypothesis, or educated guess • Experiment to test the hypothesis • Record and analyze data • State a conclusion • Repeat the steps
Major Causes of the Scientific Revolution • Scientific Revolution Causes: • Knowledge acquired from translated works of Muslims scholars during the Crusades • Classical Greek and Roman manuscripts were circulated by the printing press • The Age of Exploration and the its focus on navigation led to greater research in mathematic and science
First to propose a heliocentric model of the universe Nicolaus Copernicus
Scientific Method • Stressed experimentation and observation • Wanted science to make life better for people Francis Bacon
Proved Copernicus’ theory that the sun was the center of the solar system • His views were not supported by the Roman Catholic Church and he was tried for heresy Galileo Galilei
“Father of Modern Philosophy” • cogito ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”) Rene Descartes
Discovered the nature of elements and compounds, the basis of modern chemistry • Explained how volume, temperature, and gas pressure affects each other Robert Boyle
Devised principles to explain universal gravitation • Adapted the ideas of Galileo in three laws of motion • “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction” • Help develop a new branch of math called calculus Isaac Newton
Scientific Revolution Leads to Enlightenment • 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature • Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. • Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws? • Laws that govern human nature • Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems
Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke Voltaire Baron de Montesquieu
Hobbes: Social Contract Thomas Hobbes John Locke • Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. • To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. • Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. • Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly. • Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good • Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property • People form governments to protect natural rights • Best government was one with limited power • If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government
JOHN LOCKE Thomas Hobbes John Locke • Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good • Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property • People form governments to protect natural rights • Best government was one with limited power • If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government
Separation of Powers • Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government • British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception) • Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two • What government does this sound like?
Major Enlightenment Ideas for Society • Detested the slave trade and slavery • Deplored religious prejudice • Defended freedom of speech • Attacked divine right theory • Urged education for all • Hated unequal distribution of property • Believed governments should be freely elected • Women’s first duty was to her family
Enlightenment Changes Society • Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality • Salons: Men and women gather in living rooms to discuss Enlightenment ideas (chat rooms) • Music: Ballets and operas become popular (Bach, Handel, Mozart) • Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming) • Literature: Novels become popular (Robinson Cruesoe)
William Blackstone Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765-1769) • best-known description of the doctrines of English law; it became the basis of university legal education in England and North America. • Established the standard for American Law
Baroque vs. Rococo Baroque: • During time of absolute monarchs • Grand & complex; painting were huge, colorful, & full of excitement • Glorified historic battles or lives of saints • Matched the grandeur of European courts Rococo: • mid-1700s • Personal, elegant, charming, delicate • Rural settings surrounded by happy servants and pets
Enlightenment Music: from Baroque to Classical • New kinds of musical entertainment evolved during this era – ballets and operas • Music followed ordered, structured forms suited to the Age of Reason (Enlightenment)
Johann Sebastian Bach1685-1750 • Baroque Period - wrote complex, beautiful religious works for organ and choirs • Works include the Brandenburg Concertos, Fugue in C Minor, Fugue in D Minor
George Frederick Handel1685-1759 • Baroque Period - wrote Water Music for King George I of England • Most famous work, the Messiah, is a standard at Christmas and Easter
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart1756-1791 • Classical Period- wrote over 600 works including brilliant operas, symphonies, and religious music that defined a new style of composition (see p. 454) • Works include Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, The Marriage of Figaro
Ludwig van Beethoven1770-1827 • Classical Period-regarded as one of the most important of a generation of young composers following Haydn and Mozart • Completely deaf by his 30s, he continued to compose, conduct, and perform • Works include Symphony No. 3 (Eroica), Symphony No. 5, Symphony No. 9 (Ode to Joy), Für Elise, Piano Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique)
