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States of Matter

States of Matter. Kinetic Theory of Matter. All matter is made of molecules/atoms that act like tiny particles. Molecules are always in motion! The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move. At the same temperature , heavier particles move slower than lighter particles.

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States of Matter

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  1. States of Matter

  2. Kinetic Theory of Matter • All matter is made of molecules/atoms that act like tiny particles. • Molecules are always in motion! The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move. • At the same temperature, heavier particlesmove slower than lighter particles.

  3. Tennis Ball/Box Demo • Small vibrations = Solid • More Energy Added in the form of heat energy, bouncing inside box = Liquid • Even More Energy Added in the form of heat energy, balls falling out of box = Gas (evaporation) Heavier molecules evaporate at a slower rate. • Putting the balls back into the box = Condensation

  4. Why metal balls inside some of the tennis balls? • Heavier molecules take more energy to evaporate. • Lighter molecules evaporate more readily. • Video – Kinetic Molecular Theory Watch as the water molecules gain enough kinetic energy to evaporate.

  5. How does thermal energy affect the state of a substance? • Thermal Energy interactive Video – Investigate at home • Video molecules in motion

  6. Temperature • Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the atoms (or molecules) in a system. • Temperature measures how “hot” something is.

  7. Temperature Scales • Fahrenheit (English system) • Water freezes at 32⁰ F and boils at 212⁰ F. • Celsius • freezing point of water is 0⁰ C, and boiling point is 100⁰ C. • Kelvin (scale that is based on energy content) • At zero Kelvin (absolute zero) all molecular motion stops. • Scientists have figured out a way to get a temperature only a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero.

  8. 5 States of Matter • Elements and compounds can move from one phase to another when specific physical conditions are present. • When the temperature of a system goes up, the matter in the system becomes more excited and active. • As the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.

  9. 5 States/Phases of Matter • Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) • Solids • Liquids • Gases • Plasmas

  10. Bose-Einstein Condensate • In 1995, two scientists, Cornell and Weiman, created the condensate. • Two other scientists, Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein, had predicted it in the 1920s, but they didn't have the equipment and facilities to make it happen at that time. • BECs can only be created with a few special elements. Cornell and Weiman did it with rubidium (Rb).

  11. What is a Condensate? Think Condensation • Condensation happens when several gas molecules come together and form a liquid. The molecules get denser or packed closer together. • It all happens because of a loss of energy. Gases are really excited atoms. When they lose energy, they slow down and begin to collect. • Water (H2O) vapor in the form of steam condenses on the lid of your pot when you boil water. It cools on the metal and becomes a liquid again. You would then have a condensate.

  12. Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) • Super unexcited and super cold atoms. • Colder than solids • Occur at temperatures near absolute 0 ((0 K, −273.15 °C, or −459 °F ) • Atoms begin to clump - no more energy to transfer • creating a "super atom." The atoms take on the same qualities and become one blob – No longer separate atoms

  13. Bose-Einstein Basics

  14. Bose-Einstein Basics

  15. What is a solid? • Solids have a • definite shape • definite volume. • Molecules are tightly packed • Cannot move freely, can only vibrate • Molecules stay fairly still. • Has a stable, definite shape • Energy and temperature are very low

  16. Solids are broadly characterized as • Crystalline Solids- Repeating pattern Examples Ghost crystals crystals in rocks Salt rock candy Copper Sulfate • Amorphous Solids- - Non-repeating pattern Examples Wax play dough hand putty peanut butter Gum clay

  17. What is a liquid? Liquids have • no definite shape, take shape of container in which it is held • Definite volume. • Molecules are closely packed • Molecules vibrate and slide around one another easily. • Energy and temperature, in comparison to a solid, are higher.

  18. What is a Gas? • Gases have indefinite and unstable shape • No definite volume, volume determined by container • Molecules can vibrate, slide, spin, and bounce off of one another. • Molecules are far apart and can move around quickly. • Energy and temperature are higher than those of both solids and liquids. • Gases diffuse (move from higher concentrations to lower) • Heat will increase the rate of diffusion.

  19. What is plasma? • Charged particles --Ionized Gas-- a cloud of protons, neutrons and electrons where all the electrons have come loose from the atoms • This is an extreme gas! Strikes the other atoms so forcefully it knocks off an electron! • These gases • vibrate, • Slam into one another causing bright gases, • lots of heat • lots of energy. • Hotter than gas! A plasma occurs when the temperature is between 1000 degrees C and 1,000,000,000 degrees C

  20. Plasma Examples Neon Signs Our Sun, the core of stars Lightning Plasma TV Aurora Borealis plasma balls Plasma Cutters

  21. Plasma the 4th State of Matter

  22. A Phase Change • A "phase" describes a physical state of matter. • If energy is added (like increasing the temperature) or if energy is taken away (like freezing something), you have created a physical change.

  23. A Phase Change • A compound or element can move from one phase to another, but still be the same substance. • It may require extreme temperatures or extreme pressures, but it can be done. 

  24. Melting SOLID  LIQUID • Melting Point - the temperature at which matter changes from solid to liquid, (e.g. The melting point of water from ice to liquid water is 0 °C)

  25. Evaporation LIQUID  GAS • Boiling a liquid to form a gas is called vaporization. Super Heated Steam Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFnNK9fNdls

  26. Evaporation How does evaporation differ from vaporization?

  27. Vaporization, Boiling, Evaporation

  28. Boiling vs. Evaporation

  29. Sublimation SOLID  GAS Examples: Mothballs in closet Dry ice

  30. Condensation GAS  LIQUID Examples: Glass of ice water Bathroom mirror after shower Dew on grass.

  31. Freezing or Solidification LIQUID  SOLID Water is the only known substance that expands as it freezes. Most substances contract.

  32. Deposition GAS  SOLID Examples: Frost on glass- Water vapor becoming a solid

  33. Pressure and Phase Change • If lowering the temperature won’t get a liquid to change to a solid just apply pressure. • By applying pressure you are “pushing” the molecules together.

  34. Thermal Expansion • Thermal expansion is the tendency of a matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. Examples: Sidewalk cracking Bridges Demo – Hand Boiler

  35. Heating and Cooling Curves • Heating Curve Link

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