LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT

1. LIFE SPAN DEVELOPMENT June 17, 2008

2. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT • Physical development • Intellectual/Cognitive development • Moral development • Social development

3. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • The study of how people grow, mature and change over the life span

4. Basic Developmental Questions Two Major Ways to Conduct Research Cross-sectional Studies People of different ages are tested and compared Longitudinal Studies The same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age

5. Developmental Psychology – stage theories • Occur in chronological order • Represent particular type of thinking/view of the world • Progress one stage at a time - “NO JUMPING” • One stage builds on the other • Development is abrupt qualitative not quantitative • Universally, same sequence

6. DEVELOPMENTALPSYCHOLOGISTS • Jean Piaget – Cognitive Development • Lawrence Kohlberg – Development of Moral Reasoning • Erik Erikson – Personal Identity Development • Robert Kegan – The Evolving Self

7. The Infant and Growing ChildCognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Theory • Schemas • In Piaget’s theory, mental representations of the world that guide the processes of assimilation and accommodation • Assimilation • The process of incorporating and, if necessary, changing new information to fit existing schemas • Accommodation • The process of modifying existing schemas in response to new information

8. The Infant and Growing Child Cognitive DevelopmentPiaget’s Stages of Development • Stages of Development • Each stage is qualitatively different from others • Ages for stage transitions are approximate • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete Operational • Formal Operational

9. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

10. SPHERES OF INFLUENCE • The social interactions we experience, assimilate and accommodate, during our various stages of development

11. WHAT WERE/ARE YOUR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE? • Sensory motor stage (0-2) • Preoperational Stage (2-6) • Concrete Operational Stage (7-12) • Formal Operational Stage (12- adult

12. AdolescenceSocial and Personal Development • Peer Influences • Adolescent relationships are intimate. • Adolescents begin to discover friendships with other-sex peers. • Conformity rises steadily with age, peaks in ninth grade, and then declines.

13. MORAL DEVELOPMENT – learning right from wrong • KOHLBERG’S Stage Theory of Moral Development

14. KOHLBERG’S STAGE THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Preconventional Level (2 stages) • 1. Obedience and Punishment • 2. Individualism, Instrumentalism & Exchange. • Conventional Level (2 stages) • 3. Good boy/girl • 4. Law and Order • Postconventional Level (2 stages) • 5. Social Contract • 6. Principled Conscience

15. Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Reasoning • Most 7-10 year olds are reasoning at the preconventional level. • Most 13-16 year olds are reasoning at the conventional level. • Few participants show reasoning indicative of the postconventional level.

16. DEVELOPING SOCIALLY • Key Terms • Temperament • Attachment

17. ATTACHMENT • STRONG EMOTIONAL TIES FORMED TO ONE OR MORE INTIMATE COMPANIONS • Need for early attachment is absolutely CRITICAL to survival

18. ATTACHMENT - types • Secure attachment • Resistant attachment • Avoidant attachment

19. TEMPERAMENT - ATTACHMENT Child’s temperament Parent’s temperament REACTIONS ATTACHMENT Contact comfort Ego boundaries, sense of self in the world, self esteem, self confidence

20. Stage Theories of Development: Personality • Stage theories, three components • progress through stages in order • progress through stages related to age • major discontinuities in development

21. ERIKSON’S FORMATION OF PERSONAL IDENTITY • Erik Erikson (1963) • Eight stages spanning the lifespan • Psychosocial crises determining balance between opposing polarities in personality

23. THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Notions of the Person • Is as much an activity as a thing • Construct our own realities; meaning making creatures • Move through periods of stability and change • Have two great yearnings that exist in a life long tension; to be included and to be independent

24. THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Notions about development • Evolutionary motion • Focuses on changes in way people differentiate between their sense of self and their environment – BOUNDARY ISSUES • Life long process of differentiation and integration • Movement to make meaning, resolve discrepancies, preserve and enhance personal integrity • Movement out of embeddedness

25. THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Notions about development (cont’d) • Driven by responding to complex world – encountering and resolving disequilibrium • Each stage is a theory of the previous stage • Includes moving back and forth between inclusion and independence • We revisit issues but on new levels of complexity

26. THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Spiral model of development • Incorporative Self – Stage 0, ending around age 2 • Self is: Reflexes (seeing and moving) • Self has: No separable objects to have • Impulsive Self - Stage 1, ending age 5 -7 • Self is: Impulses and perceptions • Self has: Reflexes • Imperial Self – Stage 2, ending between 12-16 • Self is: Needs, interests, wishes • Self has: Impulses and perceptions

27. THE EVOLVING SELFRobert Kegan • Spiral model of development • Interpersonal Self – Stage 3 • Self is: interpersonal, mutual with other people • Self has: Needs, interests and wishes • Institutional Self – Stage 4 • Self is: Identity, “psychic administration”, ideology • Self has: Relationships with others • Interindividual Self – Stage 5 • Self is: A weaving of personal systems • Self has: Identity, psychic administration, ideology

28. RECAP/REVIEW • Stage Theories of Development • Piaget – Cognitive Development • Kohlberg – Moral Development • Erikson – Theories of Personal • Kegan - Development/Social Development