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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Section 2 Studying the Brain. Get 4-5 different colored pencils before going to your seat. In 1904, US President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to outlaw football after 19 college football players were killed or paralyzed from brain or spinal cord injuries.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Section 2 Studying the Brain

  2. Get 4-5 different colored pencils before going to your seat

  3. In 1904, US President Theodore Roosevelt • threatened to outlaw football after 19 • college football players were killed or • paralyzed from brain or spinal cord injuries. • Each year there are about 300,000 brain • concussions that occur during sports • activities. Fun brain facts

  4. Hindbrain • Midbrain • Forebrain The Three Brains

  5. Location • The rear base of the skull • Function • Medulla • Breathing, heart rate, reflexes • Pons • Bridge between spinal cord and brain • Produces chemicals needed for sleep • Cerebellum • Controls posture, balance, and voluntary movements Hindbrain

  6. Location • Small part above the pons • Function • Regulates sensory information and relays it upwards • RAS= Reticular Activating System (spans the hindbrain and midbrain) • Regulating Arousal and Sleep-wake transitions Midbrain

  7. Location • Covers the brains central core • Function • Cerebral cortex (outer layer) • Learn and store complex information-site of conscious thinking • Language, reasoning, perception • Limbic system-regulates emotions and motivations • Thalamus • Integrates sensory input, except smell • Hypothalamus • Controls temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior • Amygdala • Controls emotional responses (violent emotions-rage and fear) • Hippocampus • Memory formation Forebrain

  8. Two halves called the cerebral hemispheres. • The sulci (or fissures) are the grooves • gyri are the "bumps" that can be seen on the surface of the brain. • (In fact, the total surface area of the cerebral cortex is about 324 square inches - about the size of a full page of newspaper!).

  9. 4 lobes 4 lobes of the brain

  10. Function Concerned with reasoning, planning, Working memory and movement (motor cortex). Frontal lobe

  11. Lobotomy (from the Greek lobos, meaning lobes of the brain, and tomos, meaning cut) • psychosurgical procedure in which the connections the prefrontal cortex and underlying structures are severed & frontal cortical tissue is destroyed. Prefrontal lobotomy

  12. lobotomy videoHoward Dully video • Howard Dully, age 12, during his ice-pick lobotomy, Dec. 16th, 1960. (George Washington University Gelman Library)

  13. Howard Dully discusses the lobotomy that Walter Freeman performed on him when he was 12. • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/bonus-video/lobotomist-howard-dully/

  14. timeline • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/timeline/

  15. Broca's area is a region of the brain with functions linked to speech production. • video • Persons with a Broca aphasia can usually understand what words mean, but have trouble performing the motor or output aspects of speech.

  16. Phineas Gage

  17. The equilibrium or balance, so to speak, between his intellectual faculties and animal propensities, seems to have been destroyed. He is fitful, irreverent, indulging at times in the grossest profanity (which was not previously his custom), manifesting but little deference for his fellows, impatient of restraint or advice when it conflicts with his desires • Previous to his injury, although untrained in the schools, he possessed a well-balanced mind, and was looked upon by those who knew him as a shrewd, smart businessman, very energetic and persistent in executing all his plans of operation. In this regard his mind was radically changed, so decidedly that his friends and acquaintances said he was 'no longer Gage Phineas Gagevideo

  18. Concerned with perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature and pain. PARIETAL LOBE Neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex are activated when the skin is touched

  19. Central sulcus Lateral sulcus

  20. Concerned with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing), and memory (hippocampus). • Primary auditory cortex • region of the brain that is responsible for processing of auditory (sound) information. TEMPORAL LOBE

  21. Wernicke's area is the region of the brain that is important in language developmentvideo

  22. Broca’s and Wernike’s area • http://www.learner.org/resources/series142.html?pop=yes&pid=1574

  23. Concerned with many aspects of vision. • Primary visual cortex • It is highly specialized for processing information about static and moving objects and is excellent in pattern recognition. • Visual agnosia Occipital lobe

  24. NeglectVisual agnosia

  25. Frontal Lobe • associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving • Parietal Lobe • associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli • Occipital Lobe • associated with visual processing • Temporal Lobe • recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech What do each of the lobes do?

  26. Left vs. Right Brain

  27. The right side of the brain controls muscles on the left side of the body and the left side of the brain controls muscles on the right side of the body. • Also, in general, sensory crosses over as well. • Therefore, damage to one side of the brain will affect the opposite side of the body.

  28. Vision is another area where hemispheric dominance occurs. The following exercise allows you to observe this process and control it. • As you look at this illustration, cross your eyes so you see a third circle between the blue and red one. When you get your eyes focused right, the middle circle will seem to have a cross on it. • Watch the cross on the third circle. Every few seconds, it will change from a horizontal line to a vertical line and back. This is because the hemispheres of your brain are alternating in dominance for this activity. When the right hemisphere is dominant you see the blue circle and vertical line on top; when the left hemisphere is dominant, the red circle and horizontal line are on top.

  29. 3 Volunteer needed

  30. connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres • facilitates communication between the two hemispheres. Corpus Callosum

  31. Sever the corpus callosum • Grand mal seizures • The pioneers of split-brain research were Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Sperry • Case study • Video-The Divided Brain Split brain surgery

  32. Effects of split brain surgery

  33. EEG • Machine used to measure the electrical activity of a large portion of the brain • Electrical brain stimulation • Wilder Penfield • Lesions • Cutting or destroying parts of the brain Ways to study the brain

  34. Wilder Penfield

  35. CAT or CT scan • X-ray beams • Imaging used to detect injuries or deterioration • PET • Radioactive solution • Imaging used to detect brain areas activated by certain tasks • MRI • Radio frequencies • used to study structure and activity • fMRI • Detects increased blood flow to active structures of the brain Imaging methods to study the brain

  36. Section 3

  37. The Endocrine System

  38. Duct/exocrine glands • secrete their products into ducts which lead directly into the external environment • Sweat, tear, salivary glands • Ductless/endocrine glands • secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. 2 types of glands

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