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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 . Discussion and Review. Ancient Rome. From a Republic to an Empire . 509 B.C. – 476 A.D. . Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than the Greeks? Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula. Rich soil Mild climate Center of Mediterranean Sea. Geography and Rome. 1.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Discussion and Review

  2. Ancient Rome From a Republic to an Empire 509 B.C. – 476 A.D.

  3. Why was it easier for the Romans to unite than the Greeks? Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula. Rich soil Mild climate Center of Mediterranean Sea Geography and Rome 1

  4. Roman Religion • Adopted Greek gods • Jupiter is Zeus • Mars is Ares • Venus is Aphrodite

  5. Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE • What is republic? • All citizens with the right to vote choose their leaders. • Is it a democracy? • Male citizens could attend, but votes of wealthy class counted more

  6. Patricians Vs. Plebeians • Patricians (senate) • Upper class aristocrats who owned land and controlled the government & the economy • Plebeians • Farmers, merchants, artisans and traders • Who has the power?

  7. The Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout… Could rule up to 6 months in times of war Dictator 1 2 300 men Majority of Population

  8. The Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout… 1 Consuls 2 Preside over senate, generals, 1 yr term 300 men Majority of Population

  9. The Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout… 1 2 Served for life, most powerful body Senate 300 men Majority of Population

  10. The Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout… Dictator 1 Consuls 2 Senate 300 men Patricians Majority of Population

  11. Plebeians and their Rights • Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political power. • These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes and met in their own assembly. • The tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians.

  12. The Roman Republic: GovernmentSee handout… 1 2 300 men Tribunes Plebeians Majority of Population No power Slaves

  13. The Rule of Law: Five Basic Principles • Written down for all to see • People equal under law • The accused can face accuser and defend the charge • Decisions based on fairness • Innocent until proven guilty • Guilt must be clearly established

  14. Roman Society • Men: • Absolute power in all areas of society, especially the home! • Oldest living male most powerful • Women • in all classes ran the home, children and slaves. • Few legal rights but not shut away like Greek women; went everywhere in public

  15. Roman Society • Boys & Girls: educated together in early years. • girls married by 14; father picked husband! • boys educated until the age of 20

  16. What was the fashion of the day? Togas (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers! Roman Dress citizen, matron, curule magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave Roman Clothing

  17. The Republic’s Military • Who could serve in the military? • First only patricians served in the army • Senate turned to all citizens including the plebeians to serve! • What was the requirement? • Must possess land

  18. The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE • Rome vs. Carthage • Fought 3 Punic Wars why? • To dominate western Mediterranean trade and islands

  19. Results of Punic Wars • Rome captures Macedonia, Greece, and Asia Minor • The Mediterranean belongs to Rome

  20. Downfall of the Roman Republican • What’s wrong with the senate? • Greed and self-interest replace good virtues • Examples of corruption • While Roman farmers were abroad fighting for the empire, the privileged and powerful purchased or otherwise took possession of the peasants’ land. • What happened to the returning soldiers? • Lost land and soldier status because military was only open to men with property • What do ambitious generals do? • Allow landless men to enter the ranks, their loyalties lay with the generals who rewarded them with land and money.

  21. The Rise of Julius Caesar • Elected consul in 60 B.C. • Accomplishments • Conquered territories • Gaul, Germanic tribes, & Britain • Seen as a military hero- • Becomes dictator for life in 45 B.C.E

  22. Distributed free grain Army veterans given land Aligned with the solar year Colonies established for trade Provided jobs for poor Course of Tiber River altered Built roads & bridges to connect empire “All roads lead to Rome” Libraries, temples & Forum built

  23. Roman EmpireEstablished • The 500-year republic comesto an end. • The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus Caesar, or Exalted One; the first citizen of Rome. • The age of the Roman Empire begins in 31 B.C.E

  24. Roman Empire • Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government that would function well for 200 years. • This period was called the Pax Romana. • Roman army was reorganized from a defensive to an offensive war • Was there really 200 years of peace?

  25. Augustus’ Reforms • Created efficient civil service to enforce the laws. • Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race. • Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves. • Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair. • Set up a postal service and issued unified monetary system of coins. • Employed the jobless.

  26. The Empire Expands How did the empire maintain control and communication?

  27. Good Emperors • Marcus Aurelius, last good emperor of the Pax Romana era. • Strong sense of duty • Philosopher Emperor • His son began the reign of bad emperors leading to Rome’s decline.

  28. Major problems in the Roman Empire’sPost Pax Romana • Frequent turnover of rulers (most important), followed by chaos and civil wars, created the political dimension of the crisis. • Political weakness in turn encouraged invasion from outside the empire. • The economy suffered because of the disruption of commerce and high cost of rewarding the armies. • Who is going to come to the rescue?

  29. Two Reformers • Diocletian • Divided the empire into two parts to make it easier to govern • Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices • Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods

  30. Constantine • Continued Diocletian’s reforms • Converted to Christianity and granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity • Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power

  31. Divided Roman Empire

  32. Roman Achievements • Technology • Developed concrete • Arches • Created aqueducts for piped water • Built an extensive road system over 50,000 miles

  33. Engineering Wonders… Roman Engineering Accomplishments Roman Roads

  34. Colosseum & Circus Maximus • Colosseum 80 C.E. • Held gladiator & animal fights • Held 50,000 people • Circus Maximus • Held chariot races • Held 250,000 • Bread and Circus Policy

  35. 2 The Roman Empire at Its Height Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt.

  36. Divided Empire • Weaker co-emperor in Rome • Best generals serve eastern emperor • No western leadership • Capital moved to Constantinople

  37. Foreign Invasions • A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Hun and Germanic invasions. • 476 CE end of the Western Roman empire

  38. What made the Romans successfulrulers? • Citizenship • In the beginning • Citizenship and rights only given to others living in the peninsula • By 212 CE, the Romans wisely extended citizenship and its privileges to conquered peoples, incorporating them directly into the growing empire. • Military • Rome demanded Italian subjects to provide soldiers for the military • Inexhaustible reservoir of man power

  39. 5 Review: The Decline and Fall of Rome

  40. Religious Diversity in the Early Empire • As long as people honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor, they were allowed to worship other gods as they pleased. • After the Romans conquered Judea, they excused the monotheistic Jews from worshiping the Roman gods.

  41. Jews and the Roman Empire • The Great Revolt, 66-70 C.E in Judea • Over 1,000,000 Jews killed • Temple grounds destroyed • 135 C.E. - Jews banned from Jerusalem • the diaspora

  42. Rome Distrusts Christians • At first Rome is tolerant of the Christians but over time saw them as threat. Why? • Rome mistrusted Christians because… • refused to honor the Roman gods • make sacrifices to the emperor • Would not join the military • Attend gladiator fights or religious festivals • Roman officials persecuted the Christians • Many Christians became martyrs • Christianity continued to spread

  43. Spread of Christianity

  44. China’s Flourishing Civilization

  45. Qin Dynasty • “Shi Huangdi” (first emperor) wiped out the Zhou and conquered northern China uniting under central government • Enforced legalism

  46. How Did Shi Huang di Unite China?  • He replaced feudal states with military districts governed by loyal officials. • He sent spies to report on local officials. • He forced noble families to live in his capital so he could monitor them. • He jailed, tortured, and killed those who opposed his rule. • He had all books of philosophy and literature burned. • He standardized weights & measures, coins, laws • He connected the various parts of the Great Wall and expanded it. 4,000 miles

  47. Shi Huangdi Army Going to the Afterlife with Him!

  48. Terra Cotta Soldiers

  49. Han Dynasty • The Han dynasty ruled from 207 B.C.E to 220 CE; rivaled Roman empire in power and achievement Emperor Wudi

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