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Grammar. &. Punctuation. . , ?; :’! . , ?; “” :’!. , ?; “” :’!. Full stop (.). The Full Stop is also referred to as a period or point or full point.
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Grammar & Punctuation . , ?; :’! . , ?; “” :’!. , ?; “” :’!
Full stop (.) • The Full Stop is also referred to as a period or point or full point. • The primary use of this punctuation mark ( . ) is to make the end of a declarative sentence (one that states a fact) or an imperative sentence (one that gives a command or states a request). • Use full stops with abbreviations. • Do not use full stops with contractions. • Full stop after a single word. • If a sentence ends with a question mark or an exclamation mark, one does not use a Full Stop after this, as the question mark or the exclamation mark already contains a Full Stop within itself.
Comma (,) • Use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more. • Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted between them. • Use a comma when an -ly adjective is used with other adjectives. • Use commas before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed. • Use a comma to separate the day of the month from the year and after the year. • If any part of the date is omitted, leave out the comma. • Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state in a document. • Use commas to surround degrees or titles used with names. • Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow. • Use a comma to separate two strong clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction--and, or, but, for, nor. • Use the comma to separate two sentences. • Use commas to introduce or interrupt direct quotations shorter than three lines. • Use a comma to separate a statement from a question.
Question mark (?) • A question mark is only used after a direct question. • Eg: Will you go to town with me? • Use a question mark when a sentence is half statement and half question. • Eg: You do see, don't you?
Exclamation mark (!) • Use the exclamation mark to show emphasis or surprise. Do not use the exclamation mark in formal business writing. • Eg: I'm extremely shaken by your manners!
Quotation marks (“ ”) • When a person or work is quoted directly and word for word, the “quotation” is placed in quotation marks. • Question mark comes before quotation mark. • Always place a comma or period before beginning or ending quotation marks. • Always place a colon or semicolon after ending quotation marks. • Begin a new paragraph with every change of speaker. • Use quotation marks to set off the title of a short written work or parts of a longer work. • Nonstandard or unusual slang terms are normally put in quotation marks. • Explicit definitions of words or terms are put in quotation marks.
Slash (/) • A slash is often used to indicate "or“. • Use a slash for fractions. • Use a slash to indicate "per" in measurements of speed, prices etc. • People often use a slash in certain abbreviations. • A slash is often used in dates to separate day, month and year. • The slash is used to separate parts of a website address (url) on the Internet, and to separate folders on some computer systems.
Colon (:) • Use the colon after a complete sentence to introduce a list of items when introductory words such as namely, for example, or that is do not appear. • Use the colon to follow the salutation of a business letter even when addressing someone by his/her first name. • Colon Used to Further Explain or Introduce a List . • Colon Used with Ratios, Titles and Subtitles of Books, City and Publisher in Bibliographies, Hours and Minutes, and Formal Letters
Semicolon (;) • Use a colon before a list when the list is preceded by a complete independent clause. • Semicolon Used with Words Like 'however" and Phrases Like "for example" . • Semicolon Used to Join Two Complete Sentences . • Semicolon Used to Clarify a List of Items When Each Item has Punctuation Within Itself
Dash (--) • A dash is a long horizontal mark twice the length of a hyphen. • Dashes are used to emphasize words or phrases. They are nearly like definite comments. • To be effective dashes should not be overused. • Dashes indicate an sudden change of thought. • Sometimes they set off a section or phrase for emphasis or dramatic effect.
Ellipsis (…) • The ellipsis is three periods in a row. It signifies that words or figures are missing. • Most frequently an ellipsis is used with quotations. It may come at the middle or end of a quotation. It may be used at the beginning of a quotation if the quotation begins mid-sentence and there is an appropriate lead-in. • In mathematics an ellipsis shows that numbers have been left out. This is usually used in decimals, series, and matrices.
Hyphen (-) • A hyphen is a short horizontal line used within words. • Use a hyphen between the tens and units number when writing out the numbers twenty-one to ninety-nine in words. • Use a hyphen between the numerator and denominator when a fraction is written out in words and the fraction is an adjective. • Use a hyphen after a prefix followed by a proper noun or proper adjective. • Use a hyphen in words beginning with the prefixes all-, ex- (meaning "former"), and self- and in words ending with the suffix -elect. • Hyphens are used internally in some compound words to separate the words forming the compound word. Examples: merry-go-round • Hyphens within a word can make some words clearer. • Hyphens are used to divide words at the end of a line when the word cannot fit on the remainder of the line.
Apostrophe (‘) • The apostrophe has three uses: • 1. to form possessives of nouns • 2. to show the omission of letters • 3. to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters
