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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Classification and Rehabilitation. The Development of Rehabilitation. Early almshouses, houses of correction, etc. sought to change the individual Mark system – Maconochie Irish system – Sir Walter Crofton 1870 – indeterminate system (based on good behavior)

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Classification and Rehabilitation

  2. The Development of Rehabilitation • Early almshouses, houses of correction, etc. sought to change the individual • Mark system – Maconochie • Irish system – Sir Walter Crofton • 1870 – indeterminate system (based on good behavior) • Positivist school – saw cause of crime in individual

  3. The Medical Model • Crime is a symptom of an underlying pathology that can be treated • Crime = product of biological and environmental factors • 1870, reformatory ideal • Advances in science, social science through the 1960s–1970

  4. The Decline of the Rehabilitative Ideal • Martinson study • Critics of Martinson

  5. Classification of Inmates (1 of 2) • Classification for Management • Security – custody level of prison, custody classification of individual • Subjective classification systems • Objective classification systems (actuarial data; risk scale) 

  6. Classification of Inmates(2 of 2) • Classification for Treatment • Internal classification • Psychological assessment • Level of Service Inventory-Revised • Community Risk/Needs Management Scale • Wisconsin risk/needs instrument • Psychological paper and pencil tests • MMPI • I-Level • AIMs • Megargee MMPI-based

  7. Prison Programming • Inmate activities • Recreation • Religion • Arts and Crafts • Community Service • Treatment Programs • Self-Help Groups (12 step) • Professional Group Treatment

  8. Bringing About Change • Does “curing” inmate’s problem necessarily stop crime? • Is inmate’s problem (i.e. depression) necessarily the cause of crime? • How do you measure success? 

  9. Individual vs. Group Therapy • Individual therapy not common • Costly and time consuming • Psychologists have other duties • Group therapy may follow any format • Problems include subculture, security 

  10. Therapeutic Communities • Characteristics: isolation, staff integrated into program, voluntary and selection, well trained staff, motivated inmates • All activities are seen as part of treatment • Well controlled evaluations do not show recidivism reduction • Successful participants speak highly of programs

  11. Psychological and Psychiatric Programs • Psychotherapy • Behavior Modification Therapy (token economies, aversive conditioning) • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy • Transactional Analysis • Reality Therapy

  12. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Treatment • Martinson’s findings were not “nothing works” • What is success? • What degree of recidivism equals success? • How does program implementation match ideal? • Other issues • Eclectic programs impossible to replicate • High attrition • Control group • “Black box” of prison • Effect of treatment professional • Individualized treatment

  13. Evaluation Studies • Palmer • Gendreau and Ross • Andrews and Bonta • Lipsey and colleagues • Cullen and Gilbert

  14. What Does Work? • Elements of a successful program (Coulson and Nutbrown) • Cognitive-based programs seem most successful • What Works For Women? • Gendreau’s principles for effective treatment • Gender-responsive programming

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