Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers

1. Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers Chapter 9

2. Dietary Supplements • Product (other than tobacco) intended to enhance the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: • Vitamins • Minerals • Amino acids • Herbs • Other botanical substances

3. Dietary Supplements • Widely available through commercial sources • Health food stores • Grocery stores • Pharmacies • Mail • Many forms: • Tablets • Capsules • Powders • Geltabs • Extracts • Liquids

4. Vitamins • Organic compounds essential in small amounts fro body processes • Do not provide energy • Enable body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, & proteins • Should not be overused • More not better • Mega-doses can be toxic • Balanced diet provides all needed nutrients

5. Vitamin supplements • Vitamins taken in addition to those received through diet • Available in concentrated forms in tablets, capsules, and drops • Natural or synthetic (manufactured) • FDA: body cannot distinguish plant/animal vs. manufactured vitamin • Chemically identical by digestive system

6. Why people use vitamins as supplements

7. Fact or myth Food no longer contains the right nutrients in adequate quantities

8. Fact or myth Food no longer contains the right nutrients in adequate quantities. MYTH A balanced diet DOES meet all the nutritional needs of athletes

9. Fact or myth Supplements can “bulk up” muscles and enhance athletic performance

10. Fact or myth Supplements can “bulk up” muscles and enhance athletic performance MYTH No amount of vitamins will help to build muscles; only weight training can accomplish that

11. Fact or myth Vitamins provide needed energy

12. Fact or myth Vitamins provide needed energy Myth Vitamins do not provide energy themselves; they help the body access and use the energy within the carbs, proteins, and fats ingested

13. Fact or myth Vitamins and minerals can cure anything, including heart trouble, the common cold, an cancer

14. Fact or myth Vitamins and minerals can cure anything, including heart trouble, the common cold, an cancer Myth Only certain diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies can be cured with vitamin supplements (beriberi, scurvy, rickets). Heart disease, cancer, and the common cold canNOT

15. Minerals • Inorganic element necessary for body to: • Build tissues • Regulate body fluids • Assist in various body functions • Found in all body tissues • Cannot provide energy by themselves, BUT contribute to production of energy within body through role as body regulator

16. Minerals • Found in water and natural (unprocessed) foods • Absorbed by growing plants in soil • Obtained by eating plants grown in mineral-rich soil or eating animals that have eaten such plants

17. Mineral myth • “More is better” can be hazardous • Lose minerals through perspiration and saliva • When concentrated forms of mineral taken on regular basis, over period of time they build up to more than body can handle & toxicity develops • Excessive amount of one mineral can cause deficiency of another mineral • Excessive amount of minerals cause hair loss and changes in blood, hormones, bones, muscles, blood vessels, and nearly all tissues • Concentrated forms should be used under physician care

18. Herbal Supplements • Medicinal herbs: plant matter, used in form of powders, extracts, teas, and/or tablets, believed to have therapeutic benefits • Nearly half of all Americans take herbal supplements as form of medication • Approx 400 herbs are currently used widely and distributed as capsules, extracts, tablets, and tea • Many safe; many are not

19. Herbal Supplements • Approx 1500 botanicals sold as dietary supplements or ethnic traditional medicines • Herbal products considered dietary supplements by FDA • NOT regulated by FDA as are traditional drugs • Manufacturers are/do NOT: • required to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of their products before put on market • adhere to any standard quality controls mandated fro drugs • ®composition of herbal products may vary greatly

20. Glucosamine • Substance produced naturally in body • Often used as supplement to maintain cartilage in joints • Usually not possible to ingest extra glucosamine through food • Most tablets made from shellfish shells • Prove to be effective as treatment for osteoarthritis • Aids in recovery of some sports injuries

21. glucosamine • Side effects include: • Stomach problems • Heartburn • Diarrhea • Take with food • Not take with heart medication or insulin • Consult doctor before starting • Especially if have hx

22. Chondroitin • Naturally occurring substance found in human and animal cartilage • Animal tissues good source of c • Often used as supplement to treat • Osteoarthritis • Psoriasis • Cancers (tests of effectiveness inconclusive) • Non toxic • No contraindications

23. Performance enhancers

24. Anabolic Steroids • Substances that are used to enhance metabolism • Build up the body’s tissues • Most common ergogenic aid • Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production & efficiency

25. Anabolic-androgenic Steroids • Manmade substances related to male sex hormone • Anabolic: muscle-building • Androgenic: increased masculine characteristics • Steroids: class of drugs • Available legally only by prescription • Treat conditions that occur when body produces abnormally low amounts of testosterone • Delayed puberty • Some types of impotence

26. Anabolic Steroids • Abuse to enhance performance & improve physical appearance • Taken orally or injected • Users often combine several different types of steroids to maximize effectiveness (while minimizing negative effects)

27. Anabolic Steroids—Side effects • Liver tumors • Cancer • Jaundice • Fluid retention • High blood pressure • Increase LDL levels • Decrease HDL levels • Kidney tumors • Sever acne • Trembling

28. Anabolic Steroids—side effects females males Shrinking of testicles Reduced sperm count Infertility Baldness Development of breasts Increased risk of prostrate cancer • Growth of facial hair • Male-pattern baldness • Changes in/cessation of menstrual cycle • Enlargement of clitoris • Deepened voice

29. Anabolic Steroids—side effects • Risk of contracting HIV/AIDs or hepatitis through steroid injection • Aggression & other psychiatric side effects • Extreme mood swings • Manic-like symptoms • Depression when drugs are stopped • Paranoid jealously • Extreme irritability • Delusions • Impaired judgment • Feelings of invincibility

30. Growth Hormone • Growth hormone: produces by pituitary gland • Works by increasing conversion of amino acids into protein • Allows fat to be used as an energy source, sparing muscle glycogen • Adverse effects include: • Heart disease • Impotence • Osteoporosis • Death

31. Androstenedione • Steroid hormone naturally produced in both men & women • Converted to testosterone or estrogen • Known to set off extreme aggression and mood changes • Decreases levels of cardiac-protective HDLs • Elevates levels of estrogen • Exposes consumer to potential: • Cardiovascular disease • Breast cancer • Pancreatic cancer

32. Androstenedione • Widely available as nonprescription nutritional supplement • Marketed primarily to athletes & bodybuilders • “Increase strength, stamina, & muscle mass” • Classified as dietary supplements; sold as OTC • Banned by IOC, NFL and NCAA

33. Caffeine • Acts as stimulant • Feel more alert • Gives more energy • Improves mood • More productive • Banned by IOC & NCAA at certain limit • High levels cause: • Sleeplessness • Anxiety • Headache • Upset stomach • Nervousness • Dehydration • Caffeine-induced dehydration decrease athletic performance

34. Creatine Monohydrate • One of the most popular performance enhancers • Creatine: amino acid made in body by liver and kidneys • Derived from diet of meat & animal products • Found naturally in skeletal muscle • Theoretically works by increasing energy production during exercise • Enables athletes to sustain strenuous exercise for longer periods of time

35. Creatine Monohydrate • Creatine changed into molecule called phosphocreatine • Serves as storage reservoir for quick energy • Phosphocreatine is especially important in tissues such as voluntary muscles an nervous system • Periodically require large amounts of energy • Categorized as food supplements by FDA; sold OTC

36. Creatine Monohydrate– Negative effects • Weight gain (increase in cellular water in muscle) • Muscle cramping • Dehydration • Gastrointestinal distress • Nausea • Seizures • Kidney function

37. Ephedra • Substance derived from shrub-like plant • Used as stimulant to boost energy and weight loss • Ephedrine, ephedra, ma huang • Dietary supplement not regulated by FDA • Banned by NCAA, NFL, IOC • Found in OTC asthma medications (FDA-regulated

38. Ephedra • Widely used for: • Weight loss • Energy booster • Enhance athletic performance • Products often contain other stimulants, caffeine • Adverse effects: • Hypertension • Palpitations • Neuropathy • Myopathy • Psychosis • Stroke • Memory loss • Heart rate irregularities • Insomnia • Nervousness • Tremors • Seizures • Heart attacks • Death

39. Doping • Unnatural use of any substance or means to gain an unfair edge over competition • Goal of anti-doping structure: • Protection of health of athletes • Respect for both medical and sport ethics • Equality for all competing athletes

40. Education for Athletes • Athletes should understand inherent dangers & risks associated with dietary supplements and performance enhancers • Educate athletes at young age • Include: parents, coaches, teachers, trainers, athletes • Healthy Competition Foundation: non-profit corporation seeks to educate young people and families about potential health dangers of performance-enhancing drugs & to eliminate use at all levels of sport

41. Ethics in Athletics • Essential tool for protecting and promoting interest of athletic and coaching profession • Purpose: to clarify and distinguish ethical practices from those that are detrimental and harmful • Helps to emphasize the value of athletics in educational institutions • Stress contributions of coaches & athletes to their schools • Implies standard of character that afford confidence and trust • Honesty and integrity

42. Ethics in Athletics • Proper Conduct and Good Sportsmanship • Purpose of Athletics in Schools • Guidelines for Coaches • Guidelines for Players