1. The Middle Ages

2. 1. What were the Middle Ages? • Lasted from 500 – 1500 • Germanic groups invaded Roman Empire • Trade was disrupted • People returned to rural ways of life • People were less educated • Monasteries preserved knowledge

6. 2. Who were the Franks? • A Germanic tribe of nomads who lived in the Rhine River Valley. • In the 400s, the Franks began to invade Roman Gaul (France today)

8. 3. Who was Clovis I? • Merovingian King of the Franks from 481-511 • He was Pagan, but In 496 his wife (Clothilde) convinced him to convert to Christianity • The rest of his people then converted

10. 4. Who was Charles Martel? • “Charles the Hammer” • Carolingian who became Mayor of the Palace in 714 • Defeated the Muslims in 732 at the Battle of Tours

11. 5. What was the significance of The Battle of Tours? • Ended the Muslim threat to Europe (except for Spain) • Showed the effectiveness of cavalry (used by Muslims) • Led to the importance of knights

12. 6. Who was the first King of the Franks? • Pepin the Short (son of Charles Martel) • Convinced Pope Boniface to crown him King of the Franks (751) • Pepin created the Papal States when he gave part of his territory to the Pope • Ended all rule of the Merovingians and began the Carolingian Dynasty

13. 7. Who was Charlemagne? • “Charles the Great” • Son of Pepin • 771 – King of the Franks • Created the largest kingdom in Europe since ancient Rome • Pope Leo III crowned him King of the Romans • (Cont.)

14. 7. Who was Charlemagne? (Cont.) • Paid for a revival of learning - the Carolingian Renaissance • Monks copied Roman manuscripts • Opened schools • His empire was divided between his three sons who fought each other until 843 – signed the Treaty of Verdun

17. Treaty of Verdun

19. 8. Why did Feudalism Rise? • Increasing violence and lawless • Vikings attacked from the north • Magyars (Turkish nomads) attacked from the east • Muslims attacked from the south • People had no central government to protect them • People turned to lords for protection

20. Feudal System • King • Vassals – Nobles and Bishops who were wealthy land owners • Knights – defended Vassals’ land in exchange for fiefs (land) • Peasants – worked the Vassals’ fields; many were serfs who could not leave the land

22. 9. What political power did the Pope have? • Popes often crowned the Kings. • All Christian Kings had to have the Pope’s blessing. • Excommunication – if the Pope was unhappy with a King, they could be excommunicated and condemned to hell. • The Church could put anyone on trial who violated Canon (Church) law.

23. 10. How did farming change? • The climate was warmer from 800 to 1200 • Farmers used a new type of harness that fit across a horse’s chest – horses could pull plows • Farmers could grow more crops when they switched from a two-field system to a three-field system

24. 11. What financial and trade changes took place? • The Church forbade Christians from lending money at interest – Jews became the source for loans. • Trade increased and towns grew larger and more crowded.

25. 12. What changes took place in literature and learning? • Authors began writing in the vernacular – brought literature to many people • Christian scholars from Europe visited Muslim libraries • Many Greek writings were translated into Latin. • Ancient writings influenced Christian writers.

26. The Church Wields Power

27. Church Reform and the Crusades

28. A new age of spiritual feeling arose in Europe in the 1000s The Age of Faith

29. Many problems troubled the Church so Popes made reforms Ended marriage of Priests and Simony

30. Huge churches were built in the Gothic style architecture. Towering cathedrals with stained-glass windows (ex. Notre Dame)

31. The First Crusade

32. 1093 – the Byzantine emperor asked for help against the Muslim Turks Needed to protect Constantinople.

33. Pope Urban II urged leaders in Europe to begin a Crusade - 1095 He wanted to take control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks

34. The First Crusade - 1096 Crusaders captured Jerusalem.

35. The Second Crusade

36. The Second Crusade - 1187 Saladin recaptured Jerusalem.

37. The Third Crusade - 1192 Richard the Lion-Hearted fought Saladin Came to a truce – Saladin opened Jerusalem to Christian pilgrims

38. The Fourth Crusade

39. The Fourth Crusade – 1202-1204 Knights attacked and looted the Christian cities of Zara and Constantinople

40. The Reconquista Drove the Muslims out of Spain.

41. The Inquisition People suspected of heresy were questioned, tortured, and executed.

42. The Rack

43. The Wheel

44. The Stake

45. The Iron Maiden

46. The Pear of Anguish

47. Rat Torture

48. The Head Crusher

49. The Saw

50. The Knee Splitter