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States of Matter

Learn about the different states of matter (solids, liquids, and gases) and how thermal energy affects their particles. Explore properties such as viscosity and surface tension.

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States of Matter

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  1. Add the new notes to your table of contents, and then turn to the next clean page and set up your title and date States of Matter

  2. Solids, liquids, and gases are called states of matter. • The state of matter is a physical property. • Every solid, liquid, and gas around you is made up of moving particles that attract one another.

  3. Solids • Definition: matter with a definite shape, and a definite volume • Arrangement of particles: packed closely together, fixed location • Motion of particles: vibrate in place • Attraction of particles:  strong attractive forces

  4. Liquids • Definition: matter that has a definite volume, but no definite shape (takes the shape of the container, if no container spreads to form a puddle) • Arrangement of particles: close together, but able to move/slide past each other, allows liquid to flow freely (fluid) • Motion of particles: faster than a solid • Attraction of particles:  weaker attractive forces than solids

  5. Gases • Definition: matter with no definite shape or volume (spread out to fill container) • Arrangement of particles: far apart • Motion of particles: fast, move freely • Attraction of particles: little or no attraction between particles

  6. Right Now • Copy down your homework • Solids, Liquids, Gases tape in HW Thursday side • Open notebook to last night’s homework

  7. Changes in State of Matter • A change in state of matter is also physical change • In order to change the state of matter, the movement of the particles has to change. • In order to change the movement of particles, thermal energy must be either added or removed. • Thermal energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy in the particles that make up an object

  8. Thermal Energy & States of Matter What does thermal energy do to the particles of matter? • Adding Thermal Energy • The particles in a sample of matter speed up and spread further apart • Removing Thermal Energy • The particles in a sample slow down and come closer together

  9. Thermal Energy & States of Matter

  10. Thermal Energy & States of Matter

  11. Key Concept Check: • Gas – Thermal Energy = • Liquid – Thermal Energy = _________ • Solid + Thermal Energy = _________ • Liquid + Thermal Energy = _________

  12. Types of Solids • Crystalline Solids – particles arranged in regular repeating patterns • Examples: Quartz, salt, sugar • Amorphous Solids – particles NOT arranged in a regular pattern • Examples: glass, plastics, butter

  13. Right Now • Copy down your homework • Solids, Liquids, Gases tape in HW Wednesday side • Return progress report asap • HOLD labs and progress reports until further instructed • Open notebook to yesterday’s notes

  14. Properties of Liquids • Viscosity – resistance of a liquid to flow • Depends on the size and shape of the particle and the strength of the attraction between them • Stronger attractive forces = higher viscosity (more resistance, slower) • Ex:honey has a high viscosity, water has a low viscosity • Surface tension – uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid • Particles of a liquid are attracted to each other (cohesion). With no particles above them, the particles on the surface have a stronger attraction to the particles next to and below them

  15. Video About Surface Tension

  16. Examples of surface tension • Walking on water: Small insects such as the water strider can walk on water because their weight is not enough to penetrate the surface. • Floating a needle: A carefully placed small needle can be made to float on the surface of water even though it is several times as dense as water. If the surface is agitated to break up the surface tension, then needle will quickly sink. • Washing with cold water: The major reason for using hot water for washing is that its surface tension is lower and it is a better wetting agent. But if the detergent lowers the surface tension, the heating may beunnecessary.

  17. Key Concept Check: • Why are insects able to "walk on water"? • Because the mass of the insect is low and unable to break the bond/attraction between the particles at the surface of the water (surface tension) • Why is a rock unable to take advantage of surface tension? • Because it is more dense and too heavy so it does break the attraction/bond between the particles at the surface of the water (surface tension)

  18. How fast do liquids flow? • Remember that viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. • The greater the viscosity, the stronger the attraction between particles. • The lesser the viscosity, the weaker the attraction between particles.

  19. Viscosity

  20. Viscosity Video

  21. Viscosity Glue Custard Ketchup Yogurt Paint Cream Oil Water

  22. definite definite Thermal energy move temperature 70 melt liquid melted definite no definite solid liquid thermal energy temperature boiling gas no definite no definite liquid gas gas faster Foosium

  23. Water molecules want to cling to each other. At the surface, however, there are fewer water molecules to cling to since there is air above (thus, no water molecules). This results in a strongerbond between those molecules that actually do come in contact with one another, and a layer of strongly bonded water (see diagram). This surface layer (held together by surface tension) creates a considerable barrier between the atmosphere and the water. In fact, other than mercury, water has the greatest surface tension of any liquid. (Source: Lakes of Missouri) For a molecule on the surface of the liquid, there will be a net inward force since there will be no attractive force acting from above. This inward net force causes the molecules on the surface to contract and to resist being stretched or broken. Thus the surface is under tension, which is probably where the name "surface tension" came from. (Source: Woodrow Wilson Foundation). Due to the surface tension, small objects will "float" on the surface of a fluid, as long as the object cannot break through and separate the top layer of water molecules. When an object is on the surface of the fluid, the surface under tension will behave like an elastic membrane.

  24. Solid Liquid Gas Melt Melted Boiling No definite Definite Temperature Move Thermal energy Faster

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