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Chapter 16: World War II Looms

Chapter 16: World War II Looms. Isolationism. International conflicts in mid 1930s Most Americans do not want to be involved 1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it

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Chapter 16: World War II Looms

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  1. CHAPTER 17 Chapter 16: World War II Looms

  2. CHAPTER 17 Isolationism • International conflicts in mid 1930s • Most Americans do not want to be involved • 1928 – U.S. had signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact -> signed by 62 nations -> war will not be used -> no plan to enforce it • Thomas Jefferson had warned of “entangling alliances” or being involved in the affairs of other countries • Many Americans were fearful of all foreign elements • Jews • Catholics • immigrants

  3. CHAPTER 17 Americans Upset About WWI • Books are published stating the U.S. had been dragged into war by greedy bankers and weapons manufacturers • Congressional committee led by Senator Gerald Nye -> shows large profits made during WWI

  4. CHAPTER 17 Question • What factors contributed to Americans’ growing isolationism?

  5. CHAPTER 17 Answer • Large profits had been made by banks and weapon industry during WWI • Bitter about being in that war • Hatred of the military

  6. CHAPTER 17 FDR’s Foreign Policy • 1933 – FDR is a friendly president • Wants to help but too many isolationists • Recognizes the Soviet Union in 1933 and exchanges ambassadors • Good Neighbor Policy – no intervention in Latin America • Withdrew armed forces in L. America • 1934 – reduces tariffs • 1935 – Congress passes the NEUTRALITY ACTS • U.S. could not sell weapons or give loans to nations in war

  7. CHAPTER 17 Journal • When do you think it is right for the U.S. to enter a war? Why?

  8. CHAPTER 17

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  15. CHAPTER 17 Journal • Do you think the U.S. would have entered World War II if Pearl Harbor had not been attacked? Why or why not?

  16. CHAPTER 17 Chapter 17 • The United States in WWII

  17. CHAPTER 17 • Lend-Lease Act • Attack on Pearl Harbor – Dec. 7, 1941

  18. Nuremberg Laws = Jews stripped of citizenship Kristallnacht = Nov. 1938, Nazi storm troopers attack Jewish homes, businesses, synagogues France accepts 40,000 Jewish refugees Britain = 80,000 The Persecution Begins

  19. CHAPTER 17 Section 1: Mobilizing For Defense • Japan Times says America is “trembling in her shoes” • 5 million volunteer for military service • Selective Service Act provides 10 million soldiers • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) – • Nurses and radio operators

  20. 100,000 Jewish refugees Great Depression and competition for jobs U.S.

  21. CHAPTER 17 What about discrimination? • “Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man”

  22. CHAPTER 17 Discrimination in Military • 300,000 Mexican-Americans join the military • 1 million African Americans in segregated units -> no combat until 1943 • 33,000 Japanese Americans • 25,000 Native Americans • Chinese cannot become naturalized citizens

  23. CHAPTER 17 A Production Miracle • Factories are converted for war production • Car plants now make tanks, planes, boats • Henry Kaiser’s shipyards made a ship each day by 1945

  24. CHAPTER 17 Contribution Of The Workers • Men are fighting • 6 million women enter the workforce • No problem operating welding torches or riveting guns • Paid 60% of what men earn • Minorities are also not hired at first

  25. CHAPTER 17 A. Philip Randolph • Most respected African American labor leader organizes a march on Washington, D.C. 1941 • Demands: “The right to work and fight for our country.” • March is cancelled after FDR issues executive order making discrimination in defense industries illegal

  26. CHAPTER 17 How did WWII end the Great Depression?

  27. CHAPTER 17 Mobilization of Scientists • 1941 – FDR creates the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) -> leads to better radar + sonar, pesticides, penicillin • Secret development of the atomic bomb – German scientists (Albert Einstein) split uranium atoms -> release enormous amounts of energy • FDR starts intensive program to build an atomic bomb in 1942 = Manhattan Project

  28. CHAPTER 17 The federal govt. takes control • Office of Price Administration (OPA) – freezes prices so that the price of goods does not increase drastically • Higher taxes + war bonds keep inflation in check • War Production Board (WPB) – decides companies that will convert to war production • Limit production of consumer goods • Rationing – families are only allowed to purchase small quantities of scarce goods (meat, sugar, coffee, gasoline)

  29. CHAPTER 17 • 1. The Office of Price Administration _________________________________. • 2. __________________________ organized a march on Washington, D.C. on July, 1, 1941 to protest against _________________________________. • 3. The U.S. government encouraged ______________. • 4. Women in the WAACs served as ____________________________________.

  30. CHAPTER 17 • 1. Read Ch. 17 Section 2 pp. 569 – 577 • 2. Questions 1,3,4 • 2. Prepare for brief quiz tomorrow

  31. CHAPTER 17 Questions Section 1 • How did each of the following contribute to the war effort? • 1. Selective Service Act • 2. Woman • 3. Minorities • 4. Manufacturers • 5. A. Philip Randolph • 6. Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) • 7. Office of Price Administration (OPA) • 8. War Production Board (WPB) • 9. Rationing

  32. CHAPTER 17 Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa

  33. CHAPTER 17 The United States and Britain Join Forces • Churchill (British PM) and FDR meet at the White House Dec. 22, 1941 -> America will fight Hitler first • German subs destroy American supply ships off the Atlantic coast • Convoy system led by destroyers with sonar • By 1943 Allies have the upper hand

  34. CHAPTER 17 The eastern front and the Mediterranean • Hitler wants to destroy Stalingrad, a major Russian industrial center • Soviets counterattack during the winter • 1,100,000 Russian soldiers die but German man troops surrender

  35. CHAPTER 17 The North African Front • Churchill and FDR decided to attack Axis-controlled North Africa • Operation Torch led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower • They defeat General Erwin Rommel and Germans surrender in N. Africa

  36. CHAPTER 17 The Italian Campaign • Sicily is captured in 1943 • Dictator Benito Mussolini is forced to resign

  37. CHAPTER 17 Heroes In Combat

  38. CHAPTER 17 The Allies Liberate Europe • American General Dwight D. Eisenhower leads 3 million Allied troops into Normandy, France • D-Day – June 6, 1944 • General George Patton and Omar Bradley lead Allied troops in France • Sept. 1944 – France is liberated

  39. CHAPTER 17 The Battle Of The Bulge • Americans capture German town, Aachen • German tanks drive 60 miles into Allied territory in Belgium – hoping to create a bulge in the Allied line • Germans lose 120,000 troops and have to retreat

  40. CHAPTER 17 End Of War In Europe • Soviets reach Nazi death camps in July 1944 • April 1945 – Soviets storm Berlin • Hitler shoots himself in his bunker • A week later General Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender of the Third Reich • May 8, 1945 – V-E Day (Victory in Europe day) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82RTzi5Vt7w – D-Day

  41. CHAPTER 17 Section 3: The War In The Pacific

  42. CHAPTER 17 How different would it be to fight a war in Japan rather than in Europe?

  43. CHAPTER 17 The Allies Stop The Japanese Tide • 80,000 American and Filipino troops fight Japanese at Bataan, Philippines and Japanese win (March. 1942)

  44. CHAPTER 17 The Allies Stop The Japanese Tide • April 1942 - Allies bomb Tokyo • Lifts American spirits • Battle of Coral Sea – Japanese are stopped by Allies • Admiral Chester Nimitz leads Allies in successfully defending island of Midway • Island hopping campaign begins – Allies move closer to Japan

  45. CHAPTER 17 The Allies Go On the Offensive

  46. CHAPTER 17 The Allies Go On the Offensive • Led by General Douglas MacArthur • Allies take Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands • Kamikazes, suicide planes, are used in Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines) • 424 kamikaze pilots sink 16 American ships in the Philippines but still lose • Allies go into island of Iwo Jima – 200 of 20,700 Japanese survive • April 1945 – U.S. Marines invade island of Okinawa • 7,600 Americans die • 110,000 Japanese • Two generals commit ritual suicide

  47. CHAPTER 17 Raising The Flag On Iwo Jima • 1. Why do you think this image became so important? • 2. What human qualities do you think this photograph symbolizes?

  48. CHAPTER 17 To Invade or Not Invade Japan? • Japan still has a large army • Passionate soldiers • Manhattan Project led by American J. Robert Oppenheimer • Atomic bomb is tested in New Mexico (June, 1945) • July 1945 – Truman orders military to make plans to drop two atomic bombs • Tells Japan to surrender • They do not - so bombs are dropped

  49. CHAPTER 17 Hiroshima and Nagasaki • August 6, 1945 - B-29 bomber (Enola Gay) drops atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) over Hiroshima • August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” is dropped on Nagasaki • 200,000 die from injuries or radiation later in the year • Japan formally surrenders on Sept. 2, 1945 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L7XwuGKET-Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Pxk4zy_SQw

  50. CHAPTER 17 Video clips http://vimeo.com/1476520 - Fort Minor http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=403&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – volunteering for military service http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=184&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – racist news papers http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=461&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – farm land http://www.densho.org/assets/sharedpages/primarysource/primarysource.asp?id=424&display_format=4&section=archive&text=1&mediaType=video – meat and food

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