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Chapter 21 Oxygenation

Chapter 21 Oxygenation. Assessing Oxygenation. Physical assessment Monitoring the client’s respiratory rate Observing breathing pattern and effort Checking chest symmetry Auscultating lung sounds. Arterial blood gases measure: Partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in plasma

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Chapter 21 Oxygenation

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  1. Chapter 21 Oxygenation

  2. Assessing Oxygenation • Physical assessment • Monitoring the client’s respiratory rate • Observing breathing pattern and effort • Checking chest symmetry • Auscultating lung sounds

  3. Arterial blood gases measure: • Partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in plasma • Percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen • The pH of blood

  4. Arterial Blood Gases

  5. Pulse oximetry • Composed of a sensor and a microprocessor • Noninvasive, transcutaneous technique for periodically or continuously monitoring the oxygen saturation of blood

  6. Promoting Oxygenation 1-Positioning: Fowler’s position

  7. 2-Breathing techniques • Deep breathing • Incentive spirometry: a method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback about inspiratory volume. The patient inhales until a preset volume is reached, then sustains the inspiratory volume by holding his or her breath for 3 to 5 seconds. It reduces the risk of atelectasis and pulmonary consolidation.

  8. Pursed-lip breathing

  9. Diaphragmatic breathing

  10. Diaphragmatic Breathing

  11. -Nasal strips: gently open your nasal passages helping you to breathe better by providing temporary relief from nasal congestion and stuffiness which can be caused by colds and allergies. Each drug-free nasal strip consists of flexible “spring-like” bands that when placed correctly across the nose, gently opens the nasal passages to make breathing easier.

  12. Oxygen Therapy • Oxygen sources • Wall outlet • Portable tanks • Liquid oxygen unit • Oxygen concentrator

  13. Equipment used in oxygen administration • Flowmeter

  14. Oxygen analyzer

  15. -Humidifier

  16. Common delivery devices • Nasal cannula

  17. Masks • Simple mask • Partial rebreather mask • Non-rebreather mask • Venturi mask

  18. Face tent

  19. Tracheostomy collar

  20. T-piece

  21. Additional delivery devices • Nasal catheter

  22. Oxygen tent and CPAP mask (continuous positive airway pressure): Very helpful for patients with sleep apnea.

  23. Transtracheal oxygen • Oxygen hazards • Fire potential • Oxygen toxicity

  24. General Gerontologic Considerations • Reduced gas exchange and efficiency in ventilation; major age-related changes occur in the respiratory system • Respiratory muscles become weaker and the chest wall becomes stiffer as a result of calcification of the intercostal cartilage

  25. Diminished cough and gag reflexes, increased use of accessory muscles for breathing, increased mouth breathing, snoring • Inactive, debilitated, or chronically ill clients or smokers are at a higher risk for respiratory infections and compromised respiratory function

  26. Nursing Implications • Nursing diagnoses: hypoxemia or hypoxia • Ineffective breathing pattern • Impaired gas exchange • Anxiety • Risk for injury (related to oxygen hazards)

  27. Ineffective Breathing Pattern (Refer to Nursing Care Plan 21-1in the textbook.)

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