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Understanding Metabolism and Energy: Laws, Reactions, and Enzyme Dynamics

This chapter delves into the fundamental concepts of metabolism and energy, illustrating energy's capacity to fuel biological processes. It covers potential and kinetic energy, the laws of thermodynamics, and the importance of entropy in living systems. Both anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) reactions are explained, detailing their energy dynamics (endergonic vs. exergonic) and their role in cellular metabolism. Additionally, the chapter discusses ATP as the energy currency of cells and the function of enzymes as biological catalysts, emphasizing their mechanisms and regulatory controls.

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Understanding Metabolism and Energy: Laws, Reactions, and Enzyme Dynamics

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 6 Ground Rules of Metabolism

  2. Energy • Energy = capacity to do work • Potential Energy—stored energy in resting object • Kinetic Energy—energy of motion

  3. Thermodynamics • 1st Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed • Converted from one form to another • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Energy flows from organized to disorganized forms • Concentrated energy tends to disperse spontaneously • Moves from useable to non-useable energy • Chemical bonds resist this direction of energy flow

  4. thermodynamics • Entropy: Measure of randomness or disorder in a system • Organized energy = useable = less entropy • Disorganized = not useable = more entropy • Living things must maintain ongoing replacement of lost energy

  5. metabolism • All chemical reactions within a cell or organism • Reactants • Products • +=

  6. Chemical reactions • Anabolic • Building reactions (dehydration synthesis) • Endergonic—need energy • A + B + Energy = C • Usually not spontaneous • Catabolic • Breaking down reactions (hydrolysis) • Exergonic—release energy • C = A + B + Energy • Usually spontaneous

  7. Chemical Reactions • Activation Energy—minimum energy that can get a reaction to run on it’s own. • Cells control energy input into reactions, therefore controlling timing & speed of reactions.

  8. Chemical reactions • Endergonic coupled with exergonic • Released energy from one fuels other C = A +B + Energy D + E + Energy = F

  9. ATP • Energy source for cells • Created by photosynthesis or in mitochondria

  10. ATP

  11. ATP • Breaking down ATP releases energy • This powers cell fuctions • E.g. Active transport proteins

  12. ENzymes • Biological catalysts • Speed up chemical reactions • Don’t start reactions on their own • Reusable • Can catalyze in forward & reverse • Very specific!

  13. Substrate attaches to enzyme’s active site

  14. enzymes • Lowers activation energy • Makes reactions faster & easier

  15. Controls over enzymes • Concentration • Enzymes • Reactants • Products • Temperature • pH • Enzyme cofactors • vitamins

  16. Controls over enzymes • Inhibition • Competitive—binds to site first or more strongly • Non-competitive—binds to different area, changing enzyme bonding area

  17. Controls over enzymes • Feedback inhibition • Product of reaction binds to allosteric site • Shuts down reaction

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