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Reinforcement

Psych of Learning. Reinforcement. Famous for “puzzle box” experiments of animal learning. Examined animal intelligence by testing animal learning (change in behavior). Plotted animals learning on graphs (perhaps first learning curves), see p . 122. Used the “discrete trial procedure.”.

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Reinforcement

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  1. Psych of Learning Reinforcement

  2. Famous for “puzzle box” experiments of animal learning. Examined animal intelligence by testing animal learning (change in behavior). Plotted animals learning on graphs (perhaps first learning curves), see p. 122. Used the “discrete trial procedure.” E. L. Thorndike

  3. Relationship between behavior and its consequences. • Behavior has two kinds of consequences: • Satisfying state of affairs • Annoying state of affairs • Satisfying consequences (or effects) will result in greater likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. • Believed animals learned by “trial and success.” • “Hedonism,” the tendency to seek out pleasure and avoid pain, had long been debated by philosophers. Law of Effect

  4. Invented Skinner box (AKA operant chamber, experimental chamber). • The Behavior of Organisms (1938) • Numerous contributions to psychology: • Changes in behavior rate a measure of learning. • ABA research design. • Coined precise language for the study of animal learning. • Many awards, but also many critics. • Won APA’s1st special citation for a lifetime of outstanding contributions. • Used the “free operant procedure.” B. F. Skinner

  5. AKA operant learning or instrumental learning. “Experiences whereby behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences…” (p. 124). Emphasis on behavior producing consequences. The learning is “necessarily active” (p. 125). Individual must act. Action  Consequence  Action (or Inaction) Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

  6. Types of Operant Learning Strength of Behavior Increases Decreases Consequences Stimulus Removed Stimulus Presented

  7. Increase in the strength of behavior due to its consequences. • 3 Characteristics of Reinforcement (Charles Cantania, 1998): • A behavior must have a consequence. • The behavior must increase in strength. • The increase in strength must be the result of the consequence. Reinforcement

  8. 2 Kinds of Reinforcement

  9. Operant vs. Classical Conditioning

  10. Kinds of Reinforcers

  11. Contrived reinforcers • Have been arranged or created by someone. • Natural reinforcers • Occur naturally. Contrived vs. Natural Reinforcers

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