REINFORCEMENT

1. By : Noor Alfu Laila NIM 07712259051 REINFORCEMENT SKINNERS THEORY SKINNER

2. Continues reinforcement - penguatan atas setiap respon yang tepat Informittent Reinforcement - Proporsi tertentu (ratio schedule) - waktu-waktu tertentu (interval schedule) REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE

3. Continuous Every correct Respon is reinforced B. Intermittent (Partial) Ratio Interval Superstitious Combined Fixed Random (Variable) For example, Reinforcement occurs after every 30 scnd time lapse no matter what the organism is doing This gets complicated For example, the first correct response is rewarded 15sd time lapse For example, Every fifth correct respon is reinforced For example, Reinforcement follow a correct Response an average of once every 15 scnd but at unpredictable times For example, Everage oftone out of every correct Respon is rewarded an random Figure 4.10. Schedules of reinforcement each type of reinforcement tends to generate its own characteristic Pattern of response.

4. Ratio Reinforcement

5. The effects of Schedules on Rate of Learning young children requires far more reinforcement than does later learning. The effects of Schedules on Rate of Extinction Extinction requires that the teacher take active steps to withhold reinforcement or to prevent it from occuring. The effects of Schedules on Rate of Responding A function of the schedule used. EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SCHEDULE

6. Shaping Through Operant Conditioning - Shaping : a technique whereby animals and people are taught to perform complex behaviors that were not previously in their reportaires (differential reinforcement). - Shaping involves reinforcing the animal for every behavior that brings it slightly closer to desired behavior. Ex: teaching the cow to pick the stick

7. Generalization & Discrimination • Generalization : Tansferring a response from one situation to another similar situation. • Discrimination : Processes involved in learning that certain responses are appropriate in specific situations but inappropiate in specific situation,

8. Pertanyaan kunci : • Apa perbedaan antara negatif reinforcement& punishment ? • Mengapa schedule ‘reinforcement’ jadi penting dalam kelas ? • Apa saja proses dan pengaruh – pengaruh belajar melalui imitasi?

9. BANDURA’S SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY • It attempts to explain human social learning through imitation, using principles of operant conditioning while recognizing the importanceof intellectual activities.

10. Bandura’s theory can be summerized : • Much human learning is a function of observing and initating the behaviorsof others or of symbolic models.. • When imitating behaviors result is positive contigencies or in the removal or prevention of aversive contingencies, they become more probable (Masia & Chase, 1997)

11. SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH