Launching The New Nation: Washington's Leadership and Foreign Affairs Troubles

1. Chapter 6 Launching The New Nation

2. Chapter 6, Section 1 Washington Heads The New Government

3. Launching The New Nation • George Washington was a hero of the American Revolution who was seen as the best possible candidate to be the first President of the USA. • He did not want to be President, he instead wanted to settle down and live out the rest of his life in peace. • The vote commenced and Washington was unanimously elected. • He felt that it was his duty to continue to serve the nation and accepted the position.

4. Launching The New Nation • Washington and the new government had a great task ahead of them, running a completely new system of government in this new nation. • They had to make many practical decisions—such as how to raise revenue and provide for defense—with no precedent, or prior example, for American leaders to follow. • Perhaps James Madisonput it best: “We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to guide us.”

5. Launching The New Nation • During George Washington’s second term as President, new taxes on the creation and distribution of whiskey were enacted. • The Whiskey Rebellion was an uprising of western frontier farmers that occurred because of these new taxes on whiskey production.

6. Launching The New Nation • Alexander Hamilton saw this rebellion as a great opportunity to show the power of the federal government. • Some 15,000militiamen were called up and these federal troops scattered the rebels without the loss of a single life. • The Whiskey Rebellion was a milestone in the consolidation of federal power in domestic affairs.

7. Chapter 6, Section 2 Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation

8. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation • The French Revolution began in 1789 shocked the entire world. • The lower social classes in France rose up and removed the monarchy from power. • There was such a revolutionary fervor that violence began to spread into different areas of their society. • The Reign of Terror led to many political leaders being executed as one group began to assume power. • King Louis XIV and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed by guillotine for all to see.

9. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation

10. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation • Americans initially supported the French Revolution because it was originally based on similar republic ideas as those of the American Revolution. • Americans quickly became dividedover the French Revolution because of the violence and revolutionary excitement surrounding France. • Some Americans continued to support the French and wanted to come to their aid while others reverted back to supporting the British. • Britain went to war with France.

11. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation • The French were expecting help from Americans in their war against other European monarchies. • But allegiances were divided: • Democratic-Republicanswanted to honor the American treaty with France, while Federalistswanted to support the British. • President Washington took a stance of neutrality, in which he stated that the United States would support neither side of the conflict. • American indifference led to future problems with the French.

12. Hamilton and Jefferson were both brilliant men, but both had very different political views and often disagreed.

13. Hamilton believed that gov’t should be led by the prosperous, educated, upper-class. He believed that trade and industry were the keys to a strong nation with a strong nat’l gov’t. He also proposed a plan to manage the country’s debts and established a nat’l banking system. Hamilton found favor with Northern states. Jefferson distrusted a strong nat’l gov’t. He favored strong state and local gov’ts. He favored a society based on farmer-citizens. Jefferson’s views won support in the Southern and Western states. Hamilton vs. Jefferson

15. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation • Washington tried to solve the differences between Hamilton and Jefferson, but was unable. • This gave rise to the nation’s first political parties and the two party system. • Hamilton’s supporters were called the Federalists, while Jefferson’s called themselves the Democratic-Republicans.

16. Jay’s Treaty • British ships were intercepting any ships carrying goods to the French, including American ships • Upset about this and the British inciting Native American revolts against the U.S. many felt war against Britain was needed. • Washington sent John Jay to Britain and came up with Jay’s Treaty which stated: Britain could seize American ships going to France and keep anything they seize, but they had to give the U.S. a “most-favored nation” status. • Federalists liked this treaty but Republicans thought it was pro-Britain, ultimately Washington agreed to the treaty to prevent war with Britain.

17. Pinckney’s Treaty • Treaty between U.S. and Spain. After Jay’s Treaty the Spanish thought the U.S. and Britain may join forces. • Got the U.S. the right to use the Mississippi River again for trade and to use New Orleans as a trading post. • This treaty was very popular especially with western farmers who wanted to use the River for trade.

18. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation • George Washington made the decision to retire and not seek a third term as President. The Election of 1796 led to a new situation for Americans, two opposingpolitical parties. • John Adams (a Federalist)defeated Thomas Jefferson (a Republican) a to become the second President of the US. • The election also showed the growing danger of sectionalismor placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a whole.

19. John Adams handles problems • Upon taking office, Adams faced his first crisis, a possible war with France. • The French Government felt that the USA had broken their promises by allying with the British so the French responded by beginning to seize American shipsbound for Britain.

20. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation • This election showed the degree of sectionalism in the country because the North had voted for Adams and the South had voted for Jefferson. • Shortly after the election the French became angry and seized American ships. • The French (through the use of secret agents calling themselves X, Y, & Z) demanded bribes in order to stop the problem. • Pres Adams solved the XYZ Affairby using diplomacy.

21. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation

22. Foreign Affairs Trouble The Nation • Many Democratic-Republican editors, publishers and politicians were arrested under these acts. • Outraged Democratic-Republicans called the laws a violation of freedom of speech guaranteed by the First Amendment. • Democratic-Republican leaders, Jefferson and James Madison, saw the Alien and Sedition Acts as a serious misuse of poweron the part of the federal government.

23. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions defined the principle of nullification and interposition, that states had the right to nullify, or consider void, any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional. • Virginia and Kentucky viewed the Alien and Sedition Acts as unconstitutionalviolations of First Amendment citizens rights.

24. Election of 1800 • John Adams seeking reelection as a Federalist. Thomas Jefferson running as a Republican to unseat him with Aaron Burr as Vice President. • The election was really close and showed a flaw in the system that didn’t allow citizens to vote for president directly the Electoral College decided the presidency. • The Republicans won the election but each Electoral College rep. voted once for Jefferson and once for Burr leaving the two in a tie. • The tie breaker went to the House of Representatives that were majority Federalists to decide between Jefferson and Burr.

25. Election of 1800 • Many federalists hated Jefferson and wanted to select Burr but Alexander Hamilton (a federalist) urged his followers to support Jefferson. This led to a tie in the House of Reps. • Eventually Jefferson convinced one of the Reps. James Bayard to vote for him by telling him he would not fire all Federalists in government. • Federalists had so much power (they controlled Congress, the army, and the presidency) they could of overthrown Constitution but they didn’t because they believed in the system the U.S. had built. • Election important because it showed that power in U.S. could be peacefully transferred even though strong differences occurred.

26. Chapter 6 Section 3 • https://www.biography.com/people/thomas-jefferson-9353715

27. Jefferson as Prez • Adams last night in office as President, Congress signed into the law the Judiciary Act of 1801 this created 16 new federal judges. The president appoints these judges. Adams appointed all Federalists to these positions they were nicknamed the “midnight judges” because it was rumored he worked until midnight his last night in office assigning them. • Republicans were not happy about all these federalist judges. The first thing Jefferson did when he was elected president was to repeal the Judiciary Act and removed all these federalist judges.

28. Marbury v. Madison Adams assigned Marbury to Supreme Court but Jefferson just decided to not let him on the court by holding his appointment papers. The Supreme Court would not help because they said Supreme Court was used for judicial review.

29. Louisiana Purchase French leader Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to give Louisiana back to France. He then decided he wanted to conquer all of Europe so he needed money. To get this money he wanted to sell Louisiana Territory to the US. • Robert Livingston immediately accepted probably one of the best bargains every negotiated. • They bought Louisiana territory for 11.25 million dollars. • This doubled the size of the U.S. • This was called the Louisiana Purchase.

31. Westward Exploration • Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore west into the Louisiana Territory and find a route to the Pacific Ocean. • They got help from Sacagawea who joined as a guide and helped them find a route through the Rocky Mts to the Pacific Ocean • Louisiana Purchase and westward expansion alarmed Federalists. They thought all the expansion would make them lose power and a small group known as the ESSEX JUNTO drafted a plan to take New England out of the United States. • They picked Aaron Burr to run for governor of New York and Alexander Hamilton did not like him much.

32. Lewis and Clark's Outbound Route Shown in Red, Inbound in Blue Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and 31 other persons comprised the “Permanent Party” of the 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition. Although many individuals were associated with the military cadre during its 1803-1804 initial stages of travel from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Fort Mandan, North Dakota, only those 33 members who journeyed from Fort Mandan to Fort Clatsop, Oregon, and returned comprised the Permanent Party. In addition, there was a 34th member – Seaman, Captain Lewis’ “dogg of the Newfoundland breed.”

33. Sacagawea, with the infant Jean Baptiste, was the only woman to accompany the 33 members of the permanent party to the Pacific Ocean and back. Baptiste, who Captain Clark affectionately named “Pomp” or “Pompy” for his “little dancing boy” frolicking, rode with Sacagawea in the boats and on her back when they traveled on horseback. Her activities as a member of the Corps included digging for roots, collecting edible plants and picking berries; all of these were used as food and sometimes, as medicine. On May 14, 1805, the boat Sacagawea was riding in was hit by a high wind and nearly capsized. She recovered many important papers and supplies that would otherwise have been lost, and her calmness under duress earned the compliments of the captains. Sacagawea Statue (Bismarck, ND)

34. International Tensions • Jefferson was very concerned with keeping the U.S. out of the war between Britain and France. • British navy was short on recruits so they continued impressment to solve this problem • 1807 British attacked American warship and a battle occurred after 3 Americans were dead they surrendered the ship. • Jefferson handled rising tensions by passing the Embargo Act of 1807 . • An embargo is when a government bans trade with another country

35. Chapter 6 Section 4 War of 1812 • James Madison wins election for the Republicans after Jefferson decides to retire. • U.S. Congress told Britain and France they would reopen trade also said whichever nation lifted restrictions on U.S. they would exclusively trade with that country and cut the other out. • France lifted restrictions, so U.S. did as well and Britain did not lift restrictions until 1812

36. War of 1812 • U.S. congress declared war against British in 1812. • The War Hawks (people who wanted the war, Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Felix Grundy) were mainly from the South and West. • They wanted war because British trade restrictions hurt their economy. They also blamed the British for Native American troubles.

37. Tecumseh and Tippecanoe • Tecumseh tried to unite Native Americans to protect land. • William Henry Harrison decided to stamp out this unity. • Very bloody battle at Tippecanoe River but the Native Americans lost and impact was huge upon them. • Tecumseh fled to British held Canada and to many this showed the British were helping the Native Americans

38. Invasion of Canada • Republicans started the war but had many military and financial weaknesses. • Prez. Madison still ordered the invasion of British Canada. • Planned to attack at three locations, and the U.S. lost all three battles; Detroit, Niagara Falls, and the Hudson River • Oliver Perry however had success on Lake Erie building a fleet and defeated the British and gave them control of the Lake

39. The War of 1812 • U.S. failed to take any territory from Britain in Canada. • British reinforced and began to march into the U.S. • They planned to attack in the N.Y. , Washington D.C. and attack New Orleans to take the Mississippi River. • British sailed troops and marched straight into Washington D.C. taking the city with little resistance. Burned down the White House and the Capitol building.