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Fertility and Sterilization Experiments on Human Subjects in Nazi Germany

Fertility and Sterilization Experiments on Human Subjects in Nazi Germany. Michael Lipsky MD, Israel P. Nosnik MD, Harris M. Nagler MD FACS, and Basir U. Tareen MD Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology Beth Israel Medical Center New York, NY Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

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Fertility and Sterilization Experiments on Human Subjects in Nazi Germany

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  1. Fertility and Sterilization Experiments on Human Subjects in Nazi Germany Michael Lipsky MD, Israel P. Nosnik MD, Harris M. Nagler MD FACS, and Basir U. Tareen MD Sol and Margaret Berger Department of Urology Beth Israel Medical Center New York, NY Albert Einstein College of Medicine

  2. The Nuremberg Laws- 1933 • Marriage and intercourse between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden • Jews not permitted to employ female citizens under the age of 45 as domestic workers • Jews forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the national colors • Jews stripped of German citizenship

  3. Neues Volk, March 1, 1936, p.37

  4. “We Do Not Stand Alone” Neues Volk, March 1, 1936, p.37

  5. Tubal Ligation and Vasectomy

  6. Carl Clauberg Gynecologist Progynon (estradiol valerate) Prolution (hydroxyprogesterone caproate) Tenure University of Königsberg 1933 joined Nazi Party 1940 promoted to Lieutenant General

  7. Clauberg’s Experiments • Pre-operative hysterosalpingogram to establish patency • Injection of caustic chemicals through the cervix • Formalin, acids, Caladium seguinum • No anesthesia • Endometrial scarring and adhesions • Devastating complications • Perforation, erosion, sepsis, unbearable pain and death • Post mortem examination and histology

  8. "The non-surgical method of sterilizing women that I have invented is now almost perfected . . . then I shall be able to report in the foreseeable future that one experienced physician, with an appropriately equipped office and the aid of ten auxiliary personnel, will be able to carry out in the course of a single day the sterilization of hundreds, or even 1,000 women.“ -Carl Clauberg in a letter to Himmler, 1943

  9. Horst Schumann Joined Nazi party in 1930 MD at University of Halle Joined T4 euthanasia program in 1940 Arrived at Auschwitz in 1942

  10. Schumann’s Experiments • Subject placed between two X-ray sources • Beam “focused” on the pelvis or scrotum • Men- 500-600 R x 2 minutes • Women 300-350 R x 3 minutes • Post operative semen analysis by prostatic massage • Post mortem histology and examination • Complications • Skin breakdown and suppuration, bowel necrosis, sepsis, death • Estimated 150-200 people could be sterilized with a single machine each day

  11. Implications of Experimentation • Nuremberg Trials and Nuremberg Code • Basis for NIH research guidelines on research subjects • Many other examples of subject exploitation in the post war period • 1963-1971 Oregon/Washington prison studies

  12. “Among all criminals and murderers, the most dangerous type is the criminal physician” - Miklos Nyiszli, prisoner and pathologist to Dr. Josef Mengele at Auschwitz

  13. 1. Bendersky JW. A History of Nazi Germany: 1919-1945: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.; 2000. 2. Stackelberg R. The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: an Anthology of Texts. New York: Routledge; 2002. 3. Spitz V. Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications; 2005. 4. Barrett D, Kurzman C. Globalizing social movement theory: The case of eugenics. Theory and Society 2004;33:505. 5. Kline W. Building a Better Race: Gender, Sexuality, and Eugenics from the Turn of the Century to the Baby Boom. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2001. 6. Human Sterilization in Germany and the United States. JAMA 1934;102:1501-2. 7. Landman JH. Human Sterilization. New York: Macmillan Company; 1932. 8. Lifton RJ. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide: BasicBooks; 1986. 9. Foreign Letters: Berlin. JAMA 1934;102:630-1. 10. Forein Letters: Berlin. JAMA 1935;104:1183-4. 11. Foreign Letters: Berlin. JAMA 1936;106:308-9. 12. Foreign Letters. JAMA 1935;105:1998-9. 13. Foreign Letters: Berlin. JAMA 1936;106:1582-3. 14. Clauberg to Himmler. Nuremberg Medical Cases 7 June 1943;I (NO-212):730-2. 15. Brack to Himmler. Nuremberg Medical Cases 28 March 1941;I (NO-203):720. 16. Fertig H. Nazi Medicine: Doctors, Victims and Medicine in Auschwitz. New York; 1986. 17. Caplan AL. The Ethics of Evil: The Challenge and the Lessons of Nazi Medical Experiments. In: Lafleur WR, Bohme G, Shimazono S, eds. Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2007. 18. Glantz LH. The Influence of the Nuremberg Code on U.S. Statutes and Regulations. In: Annas GJ, Grodin MA, eds. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992.

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