Instrument Systems Engineering Systems Engineering Seminar

1. Instrument Systems EngineeringSystems Engineering Seminar Dr. Brian Kennedy November 8, 2001

2. Contents Introduction Background Brief review of Systems Engineering Instrument - definition Generic instrument Instrument Systems Engineering Contents (continued) Space Environment Applications Requirements Flowdown Measurements Instruments Introduction Purpose - to introduce Systems Engineering as it applies to space instrumentation Presenter - Brian C. Kennedy, University of Michigan, Space Physics Research Laboratory, retired (semi) kennedybc@mediaone.net Instrument Systems Engineering

3. Background • BS in Science Engineering, Engineering Mathematics, MS in Electrical Engineering with half the credits in Physics • 38 years at the University of Michigan’s Space Physics Research Laboratory (www.sprl.umich.edu) • Roles ranged from designer to Assistant Director for Development • Projects included oceanography, sounding rockets, balloons, satellite instruments (mass spectrometry, optics, lidar, star sensor, particle detectors, etc.), mission design (proposals and studies) Instrument Systems Engineering

4. Space Physics Research Laboratory • First launched a total pressure ionization gauge on a V-2 rocket from White Sands in 1946 • Sounding rocket programs from 1946 to present • Electron temperature and density, Langmuir probe • Mass spectrometers, omegatron, quadrupole • Ionization gauges • Total density radioactive and other gauges • Photometers • Resonance fluorescence atomic O • HARP electron detection • Guest instruments • Etc. Instrument Systems Engineering

5. Space Physics Research Laboratory Instrument Systems Engineering

6. Space Physics Research Laboratory • Balloon programs • Stratosphere ozone, Jim Anderson’s ClO, etc. • HRDI balloon • Antarctic gamma rays Instrument Systems Engineering

7. SPRL Satellite Instruments • Year Mission/Instrument(s) Type(s) • 1969 OGO F/ETDP,NMS L P, QPNMS • 1970 San Marco/Omegatron ONMS • 1972 AEROS/NATE QPNMS • 1973 AE-C/NATE, NACE, VAE QPNMS, VisPH • 1974 AEROS/NATE QPNMS • 1975 AE-D/NATE, NACE, VAE QPNMS, VisPH • 1975 AE-E/NATE, NACE, VAE QPNMS, VisPH • 1978 PV/OETP, ONMS LP, QPINMS • 1981 DE-A/LANG LP • 1981 DE-B/NACS, WATS, FPI QPNMS, FPI • 1981 IECM/MS1 QPNMS • 1981 IECM/MS2 QPNMS • 1982 IECM/MS1 QPNMS • 1983 SL1/IECM/MS QPNMS • 1983 SL1/ISO EUV-IR Spect. Instrument Systems Engineering

8. SPRL Satellite Instruments • Year Mission/Instrument(s) Type(s) • 1988 Phobos 1/HARP HARP • 1988 Phobos 2/HARP HARP • 1988 San Marco/WATI ONMS • 1989 GALILEO/NMS QPINMS • 1989 MELTER (SME heritage) FPI, HSI, DATES • 1991 UARS/HRDI FPI • 1992 TSS-1/SETS Tether • 1994 AIRSATT Tether/Several • 1995 MUADEE FPI, QPINMS • 1995 EP/TOMS FM4 UV Spect. • 1995 ADEOS/TOMS FM3 UV Spect. • 1995 TIMED/TIDI FPI • 1996 MSX/CEMS QPNMS • 1996 TSS-1R/SETS Tether • 1996 CASSINI/INMS QPINMS • 1996 HUYGENS PROBE/GCMS QPINMS, GC • 1996 Planet B/NMS QPNMS Instrument Systems Engineering

9. TIDI Instrument Systems Engineering

10. Other Projects • Freon/Ozone, laboratory chemistry • Lidar for remote wind sensing - several studies, including WiLO for MSFC. Ground based Lidar instrument for correlative Oceanography program. • Oceanography - Coastal surf measurements, current measurements by buoy drift in Cook’s inlet, Anchorage Alaska, Hydrodynamics Monitoring Facility (SEASAT, 1978) • Surface moisture by space radar, magnetosphere, solar properties, etc. Instrument Systems Engineering

11. Systems Engineering • What is Systems Engineering? • Blanchard & Fabrycky, “There is no commonly accepted definition of systems engineering in the literature.” • System: an assemblage or combination of elements of parts forming a complex or unitary whole (Random House, Blanchard & Fabrycky) or, is a set of interrelated components working together toward some common objective or purpose (Blanchard & Fabrycky) • Engineering: the application of science and mathematics by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in nature are made useful to people b: the design and manufacture of complex products (Merriam Webster) Instrument Systems Engineering

12. Systems Engineering • Some definitions - • EIA/IS-632; Systems engineering is “an interdisciplinary approach encompassing the entire technical effort to evolve and verify an integrated and life-cycle balanced set of system people, product and process solutions that satisfy customers needs. …” • Draft of Mil-STD-499B (1991); Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary approach to evolve and verify an integrated and optimally balanced set of product and process designs that satisfy user needs and provide information for management decision making. • Kennedy I; A branch of engineering which is hard to define • Kennedy II; Systems engineering is a process that utilizes whatever is necessary to achieve an optimal result Instrument Systems Engineering

13. Systems Engineer • What is a Systems Engineer?I think of a systems engineer as something like an orchestra conductor. In order to achieve a perfect sound, all the parts must be perfectly balanced. This concept is what’s needed in most anything we do, and certainly in space applications. In order to approach this perfection, the systems engineer and orchestra conductor must have the attitude and skills of a renaissance man/woman, the patience of Job, and the political skills of Dwight David Eisenhower. • What does a Systems Engineer do?A little bit of everything • What should a Systems Engineer know? A little bit of everything Instrument Systems Engineering

14. Systems Engineering • What’s important about Systems Engineering? • Communication • Understanding real needs (objectives, goals, requirements, specifications) • Keep it simple stupid/simon • Learn short cuts, back of the envelope • Managing change • Know as much as you can, but learn to utilize experts Instrument Systems Engineering

15. Instrument • What is an instrument?“A device for measuring the present value of the quantity under observation” (Random House, Merriam Webster) • It is not an experiment. “A test or trial; a tentative procedure; an act or operation for the purpose of discovering something unknown or testing a principle, supposition, etc.” (Merriam Webster) • What’s a space instrument?One that’s used on or carried by a satellite (one body orbiting another) • What’s the difference between space and other instruments?Vacuum, radiation, rocket launch Instrument Systems Engineering

16. Generic Space Instrument Instrument Systems Engineering

17. Instrument Systems Engineering • What is “Instrument” Systems Engineering?From the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook, page 3: “From the point of view of systems engineering, each subsystems is a system in its own right - ….”Consequently, everything you learn about systems engineering in general, should be applicable to Instrument Systems Engineering • How is “Instrument” Systems Engineering different?Only in the details and the degree. While the general principles of Systems Engineering apply, each project will likely have a need for different knowledge. A mission systems engineer should have at least a small understanding of the instruments that will fly on the mission spacecraft. The Instrument (or any other subsytem) Systems Engineer should have a much higher degree of understanding. Instrument Systems Engineering

18. Mission Org Chart Consider a spacecraft mission organization chart Project Science Principal Executive Team Investigator Committee Project Finance & R & QA Manager Administration Systems Engineer Launch Ground Spacecraft Science Vehicle Segment Instruments Management Ground Instrument #1 Support Mech F&A Instrument #2 Data Processing Thermal R& QA and Analysis Instrument #3 GN &C Systems Mission Engineering C& DH Instrument #4 Operations Comm Power Instrument Systems Engineering

19. Instrument Org Chart Instrument Systems Engineering

20. Space Environment • An ISE needs to be familiar with the “Space” environment in order to understand scientific requirements and the impact of the environment on instrument performance • Earth’s atmosphere; density, temperature, composition, clouds, winds, electric and magnetic fields • Earth’s surface; land and water, soil moisture, temperatures, … • Planetary atmospheres and surfaces • Sun’s properties; solar wind, surface • Universe; stars… Instrument Systems Engineering

21. Earth’s Atmosphere Instrument Systems Engineering

22. Earth’s Magnetosphere Instrument Systems Engineering

23. Applications • All the physical sciences? • Aeronomy, a science that deals with the physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere of planets • Archaeology, the scientific study of material remains (as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities • Astronomy, the study of objects and matter outside the earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties • Astrophysics, a branch of astronomy dealing especially with the behavior, physical properties, and dynamic processes of celestial objects and phenomena • Biology, a branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes • Chemistry, a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo • Geology, a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life especially as recorded in rocks b : a study of the solid matter of a celestial body (as the moon) • Geophysics, a branch of earth science dealing with the physical processes and phenomena occurring especially in the earth and in its vicinity Instrument Systems Engineering

24. Applications • Meteorology, a science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena and especially with weather and weather forecasting • Oceanography, a science that deals with the oceans and includes the delimitation of their extent and depth, the physics and chemistry of their waters, marine biology, and the exploitation of their resources • Planetology, a branch of astronomy that deals with the condensed matter of the solar system and especially with the planets and their moons • Physics, 1 : a science that deals with matter and energy and their interactions 2 a : the physical processes and phenomena of a particular system b : the physical properties and composition of something • Etc. Instrument Systems Engineering

25. Applications • Operational • Attitude determination • Position determination • Temperature sensing • Current and voltage sensors • Etc. • Manufacturing • Electronics • Medicine • Etc. Instrument Systems Engineering

26. Requirements Flowdown Instrument Systems Engineering

27. Measurements • Remote Sensing and In situ (Direct), examples: • In Situ • Fields; electric and magnetic • Strength and orientation • Particles • Neutral; atoms and molecules • Specie, density and temperature • Charged; electrons and ions Instrument Systems Engineering

28. Measurements • Remote Sensing, electromagnetic spectrum, audio to x-rays • Passive Measurements, energy is received • Broadband • “Sounds” from the ionosphere (communications) • Scattered or reflected sunlight • Single geometric channel • Imaging • Narrow band • Atomic or molecular emissions • Fluorescence Instrument Systems Engineering

29. Measurements • Active Measurements, energy is transmitted, reflected or scattered and received • Therefore, the quantity measured will be some scattered or reflected portion of the transmitted energy and can be any where in the electromagnetic spectrum • The quantity of interest is the scattering or reflecting medium Instrument Systems Engineering

30. Instruments • In Situ (Direct sensing) • Neutral and Ion Mass Spectrometers • High and Low Energy Particle detectors • Magnetometers • Electric Field Antennas • Dust detectors • Etc. • Remote Sensing • Radar; altimeters, sea state, sea salinity, surface moisture • Radiometers (Photometers) • Imaging • Etc. Instrument Systems Engineering

31. Conclusion • What is an Instrument Systems Engineer?From the forward of the September 1992 draft of the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook “How can you teach an agency-wide systems engineering class when we cannot agree on how to define it?” Instrument Systems Engineering