Unit 2: Culture and Social Structures

Unit 2: Culture and Social Structures Ch 3: Culture Ch 4: Socialization Ch 5: Social Structure and Society Ch 6: Groups and FormalOrganizations Ch 7: Deviance and Social Control

Culture The knowledge, language, values, customs, + ______________ that are passed from one ________ to the next among members of a group. Examples of parts of culture: Material _________ Buildings Transportation ______, piercings Food _________ Clothing Ch 3 – Culture • Nonmaterial • Language • Gov.’t/______ • Holidays • _________ • _________ • Dancing • Values

Culture helps explain human __________________. What we do/don’t do, like/dislike, believe/deny, or value/discount are based on ____________. It dictates our ______________ w/ others. IT MUST BE ___________! A society is a group of people who live in a defined territory + participate in a common culture – culture is that society’s ___________________. So if you move to a different country, you take your culture w/ you. You may or may not begin to _______ that society + adopt their culture.

Influences on behavior besides culture Instincts are genetically inherited _________________ – unlearned ways of acting. Why is ______ more important than instincts in determining human behavior? B/c if only instincts controlled us, we would all act the ____. Ex. Parenting - Some people want to be parents + some don’t. - Some are good + some abuse their children. ______ determines what type of shelter to build, food to eat, clothes to wear, etc… _________ – includes our DNA, reflexes (simple, biologically inherited, automatic reactions to physical stimuli), + drives (biologically inherited impulses to discomfort).

Sociobiology The study of the ______________ of human behavior. Combines Darwin’s Theory of Evolution w/ modern __________. They assume that the behaviors that contribute to the survival of humans are ___________________. Ex. sexual reproduction, parental affection + care, education of the young, friendship, etc… Applies many of the same beliefs to other ________. Criticisms of sociobiology: The importance placed on genetics could be used to ___________________ as superior/inferior. It doesn’t explain the wide ________ in societies. End Section 1

Passing down culture For a culture to continue, it must be learned by each __________________. The creation + transmission of culture depends heavily on symbols (things that _________ something else). Symbols include objects, ______, smells, tastes, etc… The most powerful symbols are those that make up ___________. - Language allows us to ____ culture + removes limits on explaining ____ + place.

Language + culture The Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity (or The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) states that our ________________ depends largely on what _________________. How we think about a thing or idea relates to the # + complexity of ______ available to describe that thing or idea. Even varies from one _______ to another. When something is _______ to a society, they will have many words to describe it. Can change when people learn new ________ or cultures add words to their language. But language isn’t the only thing that shapes our perception of reality. For ex., ___________ does also. End Section 2

Norms The ___________ appropriate + inappropriate ____________. They help explain why people in a group/society _________________ in similar circumstances. May guide our behavior w/o our awareness until someone __________________. There are 3 types of norms: 1. Folkways: rules that cover customary ways of thinking, feeling, + behaving but __________________. B/c they aren’t deemed vital to group welfare, disapproval of breaking them isn’t great. We may think people who break these norms are ________, but not dangerous or immoral. Ex. Talking too loudly.

2. Mores (MOR-ays): are rules that cover ways of thinking, feeling, + behaving that have __________________ + shouldn’t be broken by members of the society. Ex. Incest. A taboo is a norm so strong that breaking it __________________ by the group. Incest is the only taboo present in all societies (although its _______ varies). 3. Laws: are rules that cover ways of thinking, feeling, + behaving that are ______________ + enforced by officials. Folkways + mores are often ____________ created over time while laws are __________ created + enforced. _______ can come from folkways + mores. Sometimes laws _____________ even after the folkways/mores of a society have changed.

Is it a folkway, more, or law? _________ 1. A woman smoking while pregnant _________ 2. Mr. Chamblee picking his nose _________ 3. Kendall driving 10 mph over the speed limit _________ 4. Dani throwing a soda can out of her car window _________ 5. Tavon loudly belching in his sociology class _________ 6. Ronald talking on his cell phone at the movies _________ 7. A teenager cussing at a minister or rabbi _________ 8. Shoplifting baby formula to feed your baby

Norms must be __________________. Groups teach norms partly through sanctions (rewards or punishments used to encourage people to follow norms). Formal sanctions are sanctions imposed by people w/ ______________ (Ex. Parents, teachers, judges, organizations, etc…) Informal sanctions are sanctions that can be applied by most _________________. As we age, we may conform to norms w/o the ___________________ b/c we have accepted the behavior, wish to avoid guilty feelings, +/or fear social disapproval. Instead we _______________ ourselves.

Values Broad ideas about what is _______________ shared by people in a society. Values form the basis for _______. ___________, they don’t dictate precise ways of thinking, feeling, + behaving. So different societies/groups can have different ____ based on the same ____. Ex. Value: Freedom of Press - Possible norms: - Can print anything - Can print anything that is true - Can print anything as long as it doesn’t hurt anyone - Can print anything that is obtained legally

End Section 3

Nonmaterial vs. material culture Culture can be divided into 2 parts: non-material + material. Non-material culture consists of knowledge, ideas, + beliefs (ideas about the nature of _______) that influence people’s ________. Beliefs are important b/c people base their behavior on what they believe to be ______. Material culture consists of the tangible objects of a culture– the things we can ____. The ________________ of physical objects can vary from one society to another. Ex. Crosses are holy, flags should be treated w/ respect, etc… Ideal culture refers to the cultural guidelines that group members _____________, but real culture is the actual _____________ of members of a group. Sometimes they _________. But ideal culture is important b/c it provides us w/ high standards + helps detect _______. End Section 4

Cultural change All cultures _________________. Norms, values, + beliefs are relatively ________ but do change over time. Why does culture change? 1. Discovery – discovering something that ___________ (ex. women can learn math + science). 2. Invention – the creation of ______________ (ex. telephones, cars, etc…). 3. ________ – Borrowing aspects of culture from other cultures (ex. spaghetti, democracy, etc…).

Cultural diversity Caused by: Social categories (groups that share a ______ __________ such as age, gender, or religion) – certain behaviors are associated w/ particular groups. Groups that are set apart: Subcultures (groups that are part of the _____________ but differ from it in some important aspects) such as certain ethnic communities w/in cities. Countercultures (subcultures deliberately + consciously ________ to certain central beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture) such as the hippies or punk groups. Ethnocentrism is judging others in terms of one’s own _____________. It can help people feel good about themselves + ______________ through traditions + behavior emphasized. But it can also lead to societies becoming inflexible + feelings of ____________. Read p.80 “Cultural Relativism”

Cultural universals General ____________ that exist in all cultures. Researchers have found over _____. Includes sports, music, cooking, clothing, division of labor, education, gov.’t, etiquette, family, marriage, sexual restrictions, religious rituals, etc… There are different ways of ____________ __________ known as cultural particulars. Ex. Different styles of clothing or housing, marriage laws, etc… Why do cultural universals exist? _______________ of humans – ex. we all need food + children must be cared for in order for society to continue, etc… _____________________ – ex. clothing + housing is needed to protect us from the elements, etc… Societies face many of the ___________ + to survive, they must teach new members their culture – ex. language, how to divide up labor, etc… End Section 5

Socialization’s effects on personality Socialization is the cultural process of learning to _________________________. Nearly all human social behavior we consider natural + normal is __________ Socialization begins at birth + continues _____________________. Successful socialization results in people being able to fit into all kinds of _____________. W/o the proper ______________, you’d have difficulty making friends, finding + keeping a job, belonging to clubs, maintaining romantic relationships, etc… Psychological studies show that w/o prolonged + intensive ____________ children don’t learn basics like walking, talking, loving, etc… Ch 4 – Socialization

In Harry Harlow’s experiment, baby monkeys would attach themselves to a cloth surrogate monkey w/o food instead of a wood + wire monkey w/ food, showing that imprinting is also important for ________________. Infant monkeys raised in ______ grew into hostile, distressed, apathetic adults who never exhibited normal sexual patterns. As mothers, they rejected or ignored their babies + sometimes __________ them. So clearly __________ is important to ________________ as well. Human babies denied close contact usually have difficulty forming ______________ w/ others. Read p.113-114 “Case Studies on Isolated Children: Anna and Isabelle” End Section 1

Views of socialization: Functionalism + Conflict Perspective Functionalism believes socialization helps create a ___________ by teaching the ____________ norms, beliefs, + values. The Conflict Perspective believes socialization is a way of keeping the ____________ – so it maintains the advantages of the upper classes, thus keeping things __________ + in conflict.

Views of socialization: Symbolic Interactionism Believes that ____________ is the major deciding factor in _________________. So how are we socialized according to symbolic interactionism? Your self-concept is an image of yourself as a __________________ from other people. Other people serve as __________ for the development of your self-concept. So your looking-glass self is your image of yourself based on what ________ others think of you. The process is often rapid + ____________. 1. We imagine how we ______ to others. 2. We imagine their __________ to our (imagined) appearance. 3. We _______ ourselves based on how we imagine others have judged us. Leads to a positive or negative self-evaluation. The “looking-glass” can be ____________. Significant others are people whose reactions are the ____________ to your self-concept.

Role taking involves ______________________ of another person + using that viewpoint to shape the self-concept. We try to anticipate what others will say/do + how to ___________________. This ability develops in a 3 step process: 1. During the imitation stage (begins around 1½-2 yrs old) children imitate the physical + verbal behavior of significant others w/o ___________. 2. During the play stage (begins around 3-4 yrs old) children ________ they imagine other people would – assuming those roles one at a time. - Ex. playing “mommy”, “teacher” or “police officer”. 3. During the game stage we anticipate the actions of others based on social rules + are able to consider the roles of ______________ simultaneously.

As we grow older we develop the concept of a generalized other (the __________________, expectations, + viewpoints of society that guide our behavior + reinforce our sense of self) in which we imagine how our actions are viewed by “________”. Your “______” is composed of 2 parts: The “me” is the part created through socialization + accounts for __________ + conformity. The “I” is the part that accounts for unlearned, __________ + often creative acts. The “I” constantly _________ w/ the “me”. The 1st reaction of the self comes from the “I”, but (usually) before we act, the “me” directs our reaction into _______ ____________ channels. End Section 2

Agents of socialization: the family The family is critical for helping a child: Think + speak Internalize ____, beliefs, + _____ Form some basic _________ Develop a capacity for intimate + personal _____________ Acquire a ____________ Our family’s ___________ also shapes what we think of ourselves + how others treat us.

Agents of socialization: schools Schools introduce children to life beyond the _____. Many of the child’s relationships are now ________ + rewards/punishments are based on performance instead of __________. Slowly, children are taught to be less __________ ___________ on their parents. Besides the obvious curriculum, children are also taught the hidden curriculum (the informal + _____________ of culture that children are taught in preparation for life) about things such as discipline, cooperation, conformity, etc… Schools also teach children about how ___________ _____________ in the real world w/ schedules + deadlines.

Agents of socialization: peers A peer group is a set of individuals of roughly the ___________________. This is the only agency of socialization not primarily __________ by adults. Children have the opportunity to engage in ______________ relationships unlike family + schools where they are subordinates. Children usually belong to ______ peer groups. Gives children experience in self-direction as they begin to make their _______________. They develop _______________.

Agents of socialization: mass media Mass media refers to the means of communication designed to reach the ______ __________. Includes tv, radio, internet, books, music, movies, newspapers, magazines, etc… Although often highly _________, it’s often through mass media that children are 1st introduced to many aspects of their ______. Provides ________ for children to imitate + gives examples of how to ________ in social situations (again, often distorted). Offers ideas about the _____ of our society. Most sociologists agree that watching aggressive behavior in the media significantly __________________. End Section 3

Desocialization + resocialization Symbolic interactionism believes socialization is a _________________. Desocialization is the process by which people ____ ____ old norms, values, attitudes, + behaviors. Often involves the __________ of the old self-concept of personal identity. Often occurs in total institutions (places in which people are ________ from the rest of society + controlled by officials) such as prisons, mental hospitals, cults, etc… Often involves the removal of personal __________, loss of privacy, + use of serial numbers instead of names – this contributes to the breakdown of their _____________. Resocialization is the process in which people ____ ______ norms, values, attitudes, + behaviors. This can occur in total institutions through the use of _______________________. Also occurs during changes in _________, such as starting college, getting married, retiring, etc…

Anticipatory socialization The voluntary process of _______________ new norms, values, attitudes, + behaviors. Doesn’t generally occur in prisons or mental hospitals b/c it involves __________ change. May occur in people who are moving from one ______ in their lives to another (Ex. going to college, getting married, retiring, etc…) A reference group is a group whose norms + values are used to ___________ – often the group w/ whom you _________. End Section 4

Social structure The underlying ___________________ in a group. We ______ social structure from others. A status is a ______ a person occupies w/in a social structure. It helps us ________ who + what we are in relation to others w/in the same social structure. An ascribed status is a position that is not earned nor chosen, but _________. Ex. gender, age, etc… An achieved status is a position that is __________________. Ex. career, marital status, etc… Ch 5 – Social Structure and Society

A person holds more than ___________ at a time. A status set is all of the _______ that a person occupies at any particular time. Ex. female, 30 yrs old, single, teacher, daughter, sister, Christian, etc… Some statuses are more important to individuals than others. A master status is important b/c it ____________ most other aspects of a person’s life. _________ are often master statuses. Age can be as well. So master statuses may be _____________________. End Section 1

Rights + obligations A role is an ______________ associated w/ a particular status. A role is a status “____________”. A status contains various roles. Ex. A teacher must grade, develop lesson plans, communicate w/ parents + administrators, keep up w/ current best practices in education, discipline unruly students, motivate, etc… So a status describes a _______ + a role describes a __________. Rights are behaviors that an individual ______ from others. Obligations are behaviors that individuals are expected to __________ towards others. A person’s __________ influences their roles, rights, + obligations. Ex. a wife in America compared to a wife in a remote African village.

Role performance + social interaction Role performance is the _____________ of an individual in a role. Can occur w/o an _________ (ex. a basketball player practicing while alone) but usually involves _______ ___________. Social interaction is how people _____ to each other + __________ each other’s behavior. Ex. One boy taunts another. The other boy calls him a name in return. The first boy then punches him leading to a fight.

Role conflict + role strain Role conflict exists when the performance of a role in one status __________ w/ the performance of a role in another. Ex. Students w/ jobs balancing time to study w/ work demands. Role strain occurs when the roles of a single status are ________________________. The problem is often a lack of _____. Ex. A politician must spend time campaigning to get reelected while still trying to perform the duties for the current term. We deal w/ role conflict + strain by setting ________ +/or segregating roles (behaving differently while in different roles). End Section 2

Types of societies A society is made up of people living w/in defined territorial ________ + sharing a common ________. Societies must meet their members’ ____________ such as food + shelter, but they do it in different ways. Those differences determine how societies are __________. There are 3 types: _________ Industrial ___________ All societies are comprised of ______________ w/ members knowing what is expected of them + what they can expect from others (rights + obligations).

Preindustrial societies: Hunting + gathering Survive by hunting animals + gathering edible foods. ________ type of society. Usually ______ – due to food supply + changing seasons. So they must carry all of their ______________ w/ them. Tend to be very _______ (50 or less people). Sharing + cooperation are highly valued w/ little or no concept of __________ ____________. No ________________. No _________ institutions. Division of labor is based on age + gender. Primary emphasis is on the ______ of the group.

Preindustrial societies: Horticultural Survive primarily through the growing of plants – ___________. These types of societies came into existence about 10-12 thousand yrs ago when people learned they could ________ _________ some plants instead of just gathering them. Led to more ______________________. Societies ______, averaging 1-2 thousand people. Primary emphasis is on providing for the __________.

Preindustrial societies: Pastoral Survive primarily by raising + taking care of _____. Mostly use herd animals like cattle, camels, goats, + sheep which provide ____________. Although horticultural societies also kept domesticated animals like pigs + chickens, the difference is in where _________________ comes from. These types of societies came into existence about the same time as ____________ societies did. They must do some farming or trade w/ those who do for _____________ to feed themselves + their animals. More __________ than in than in horticultural or agricultural societies, but ______________ can be maintained, depending on the terrain + climate. Women remain in the home while men herd the animals – so women’s ______________________. The rise of horticultural + pastoral societies led to a ____________________. Allowed for a more complex _____________ (pottery making, religious leaders, etc…). _________ w/ other societies. Beginning of ______________, + thus social classes, as some people have more of a surplus than others.

Preindustrial societies: Agricultural Survive primarily by growing food through the use of the __________________. The difference b/w agricultural + horticultural societies is the use of the ___ – this enables people to grow food much more ___________. Led to a _______________ of food. People could now spend more time on _____________ activities such as formal education, politics, music, etc… Led to the rise of _________. Although families are still important, the ______ replaced them as the guiding force for the societies. Distinct social classes appeared w/ wealth + power based on __________________. _______ becomes vital. _____ systems also develop instead of just bartering goods + services. End Section 3

Industrial societies Depend on ________________ to produce its basic goods + services. Human + animal labor is largely replaced by _______. This is known as mechanization. Goods + services are paid for w/ _______. Extremely large food surpluses leads to urbanization (the shifting of _________ from farms + villages to large cities). Education shifts to more ______________. Blood relations in _____________. Women become ____________ to men as they take paying jobs. Personal love + choice replace ________________. Social class tends to be based more on __________ _________ than on the social class of one’s parents.

Emile Durkheim (France): Claimed that society is distinguished based on its type of social solidarity (the degree to which a society is ______ in the face of _________). Social solidarity is the result of society’s _________________: Believed in preindustrial times where labor tasks were _________ ________, societies were based on mechanical solidarity (social dependency based on widespread ___________ of values + beliefs, enforced conformity, + dependence on tradition + family). Believed industrialized societies where labor tasks are __________ ________, societies are based on organic solidarity (social _______________ based on a high degree of specialization in roles).

Postindustrial societies Economic emphasis is on providing services + _________ over basic manufactured goods. Has 5 major features: 1. The majority of the labor force are employed in ________ instead of agriculture + manufacturing. - In 2000, ____% of Americans worked in service industries. 2. ____________ employment replaces much blue-collar work. 3. ___________________ is the key organizing feature. 4. Technological change is __________ _________. 5. Reliance on _______________ in all areas. End Section 4

Group Composed of people who share several features: They share some ways of thinking, feeling, + __________. They take one another’s ___________ into account. They have one or more ______________ in common. They are in _____________ w/ one another. _____________ AMONG MEMBERS IS KEY!!! Can be: Small  Large ________  _________ Loose boundaries  Tight boundaries Ch 6 – Groups and Formal Organizations

A social category is made up of people who share a ______________________. Ms. Griggs’s sociology students The poor Women 3 yr olds A social aggregate is made up of people who happen to be in the __________________ _______. Standing in a check-out line Waiting in a dentist’s office Social categories + aggregates may decide to interact + __________________. Teenagers protest a city-wide curfew Bystanders help someone involved in an accident.

Primary groups Groups made up of people who are _________ _______, know one another well, + seek one another’s company. They are characterized by primary relationships (interactions that are intimate, personal, caring, + _________). Conditions that favor primary groups are: _____________ Face-to-face contact _______________ Proper social environment Think of a basketball team vs. a teacher + student relationship Functions of primary groups: __________________ Socialization Encourage ___________ Ex: Family, close circle of friends, etc…

Secondary groups Groups that are impersonal + _____________. They involve only a segment of its members’ lives. They interact impersonally, in ways involving only a ________________ of their personalities known as secondary relationships. Ex. The senior class of TLH, coworkers at McDonald’s, members of the Interact Club, an army platoon, etc… Members of secondary groups may be _______ w/ each other, but the purpose of the group is to _____________, not enrich friendships + if the friendships become more important than the task, the group may become ___________. ______________ fall somewhere in b/w the 2 extremes. Primary relationships may form in secondary groups + secondary relationships may form in primary groups. Ex. 2 coworkers becoming friends or a family member loaning another $. End Section 1

Reference groups Are groups we use to __________________ against + to acquire attitudes, values, beliefs, + norms. You don’t have to be a _______ of the group. Can be positive +/or negative _______ of the group. May serve as examples of what NOT to do, believe, etc… Can include: Family Friends Teachers ______________ Athletes _______________ Etc…

In groups vs. Out groups There can’t be one w/o the other. An in group is an exclusive group demanding _________________. An out group is a group targeted by an in group for ___________, antagonism, +/or competition. Ex. rival gangs, jocks vs. nerds, ethnic groups, religions, etc… In groups need ________ to distinguish who is “in” + who is “out”. Can be _______ like slang, handshakes, gang signs or colors, badges, skin color, etc… or an actual place. Boundaries can form ______________ to outsiders. Maintaining boundaries shows loyalty + commitment, but can lead to cruelty +/or __________.

Social networks A web of _________________ that join a person to other people + groups. Ex: Family Family Parents’ Friends Sister's Friends Friends Friends Family In-laws Family Teachers/Coaches Classmates Band Volunteer group Baseball teammates Visiting pastors Bosses Customers Coworkers

Social networks can have multiple functions: Provide a sense of _____________________ Provide help + _________ Help entering ________________ The ______ has made it possible to the speed + flow of information among social networks which tends to promote a sense of membership w/in a particular network. Social networks aren’t _________ b/c they lack boundaries + don’t involve close or continuous interaction among all members + some relationships may also be too ____________. Include primary + secondary groups w/ strong + weak ties. End Section 2

Unit 2: Culture and Social Structures