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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Internal Control, Cash, and Merchandise Sales. PowerPoint Authors: Brandy Mackintosh Lindsay Heiser. Learning Objective 6-1. Distinguish among service, merchandising, and manufacturing operations. Operating Cycles. Make Products. Collect Cash. Incur Operating Expenses.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Internal Control, Cash, and Merchandise Sales PowerPoint Authors: Brandy Mackintosh Lindsay Heiser

  2. Learning Objective 6-1 Distinguish among service, merchandising, and manufacturing operations.

  3. Operating Cycles

  4. MakeProducts CollectCash IncurOperatingExpenses Buy RawMaterials Operating Cycles SellProducts ManufacturingCompany

  5. Learning Objective 6-2 Explain common principles and limitations of internal control.

  6. Internal Control All companies include as part of their operating activities a variety of procedures and policies that are referred to as internal controls. • Internal control is important to all types and sizes of organizations, especially after the business failures and accounting scandals involving Enron and other companies in the early 2000s. • The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act requires all public companies to assess the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting. • Effective internal controls play an essential role in creating an ethical business environment, improving financial performance, and preventing fraud.

  7. Common Control Principles

  8. Control Limitations Internal controls can never completely prevent and detect errors and fraud. Benefits vs. Cost Human Error or Fraud

  9. Learning Objective 6-3 Apply internal control principles to cash receipts and payments.

  10. Controlling and Reporting Cash Internal control of cash is important to any organization. Volume of cash is enormous. Cash is valuable and “owned” by person possessing it.

  11. Cash Received in Person Segregate Duties Cashier Recording Custody

  12. Cash Received in Person

  13. Cash Received from a Remote Source Cash Received by Mail Cash Received Electronically

  14. Cash Payments Cash Payments Writing a Check Electronic Funds Transfer A voucher system is a process for approving and documenting all purchases and payments on account. Most companies pay cash to their employees through EFTs, which are known by employees as direct deposits.

  15. Learning Objective 6-4 Perform the key control of reconciling cash to bank statements.

  16. Bank Procedures and Reconciliation Banks provide services that help businesses to control cash in several ways: Restricting Access Documenting Procedures Independently Verifying A bank reconciliation is an internal report prepared to verify the accuracy of both the bank statement and the cash accounts of a business or individual.

  17. Bank Statement

  18. Reconciling Differences

  19. Bank Reconciliation To determine the appropriate cash balance, these balances need to be reconciled.

  20. Bank Reconciliation • Bank Reconciliation Goals • Identify the deposits in transit. • Identify the outstanding checks. • Record other transactions on the bank statement. • Determine the impact of errors.

  21. Bank Reconciliation

  22. Reporting Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash includes money or any instrument that banks will accept for deposit and immediate credit to a company’s account, such as a check, money order, or bank draft. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments purchased within three months of maturity.

  23. Learning Objective 6-5 Explain the use of a perpetual inventory system as a control.

  24. Controlling and Reporting Merchandise Sales Inventory Quantities Inventory Costs Financial Statements Unsold Inventory Balance Sheet Sold Inventory Income Statement

  25. Perpetual Inventory System In a perpetual inventory system, the inventory records are updated “perpetually,” that is, every time inventory is bought, sold, or returned. Perpetual systems often are combined with bar codes and optical scanners.

  26. Periodic Inventory System In a periodic inventory system, the inventory records are updated “periodically,” that is, at the end of the accounting period. To determine how much merchandise has been sold, periodic systems require that inventory be physically counted at the end of the period.

  27. Inventory Control Perpetual Inventory System Periodic Inventory System Continuous Tracking No Up-to-Date Records Can Estimate Shrinkage Can’t Estimate Shrinkage

  28. Learning Objective 6-6 Analyze sales transactions under a perpetual inventory system.

  29. Sales Transactions Merchandisers earn revenues by transferring ownership of merchandise to a customer, either for cash or on credit. For a merchandiser who is shipping goods to a customer, the transfer of ownership occurs at one of two possible times: FOB shipping point —the sale is recorded when the goods leave the seller’s shipping department. FOB destination —the sale is recorded when the goods reach their destination (the customer).

  30. Sales Transactions Every merchandise sale has two components, each of which requires an entry in a perpetual inventory system. Selling Price Cost

  31. Stockholders’ Equity + Sales Revenue (+R) +$400 Cost of Goods Sold (+E) -$350 Cash +$400 Inventory -$350 Sales Transactions Assume Wal-Mart sells two Schwinn mountain bikes for $400 cash. The bikes had previously been recorded in Wal-Mart’s Inventory at a total cost of $350. 400 350 400 350 dr Cash (+A) cr Sales Revenue (+R, +SE) dr Cost of Goods Sold (+E, -SE) cr Inventory (-A) Record Analyze Liabilities Assets = 1 2

  32. Sales Returns and Allowances When goods sold to a customer arrive in damaged condition or are otherwise unsatisfactory, the customer can (1) return them for a full refund or (2) keep them and ask for a reduction in the selling price, called an allowance.

  33. Stockholders’ Equity + Cash -$200 Inventory +$175 Sales Returns and Allowances (+xR) -$200 Cost of Goods Sold (-E) +$175 Sales Returns and Allowances Suppose that after Wal-Mart sold the two Schwinn mountain bikes, the customer returned one to Wal-Mart. Assuming that the bike is still like new, Wal-Mart would refund the $200 selling price to the customer and take the bike back into inventory. 200 175 200 175 dr Sales Returns & Allowances (+xR, -SE) cr Cash (-A) dr Inventory (+A) cr Cost of Goods Sold (-E, +SE) Record Analyze Liabilities Assets = 1 2

  34. Sales on Account and Sales Discounts A sales discount is a sales price reduction given to customers for prompt payment of their account balance.

  35. Stockholders’ Equity + Accounts Receivable+$1,000 Inventory -$700 Sales Revenue (+R) +$1,000 Cost of Goods Sold (+E) -$700 Sales on Account and Sales Discounts Suppose Wal-Mart’s warehouse store (Sam’s Club) sells printer paper on account to a local business for $1,000 with payment terms of 2/10, n/30. The paper cost Sam’s Club $700. 1,000 700 1,000 700 dr Accounts Receivable (+A) cr Sales Revenue (+R, +SE) dr Cost of Goods Sold (+E, -SE) cr Inventory (-A) Record Analyze Liabilities Assets = 1 2

  36. Stockholders’ Equity + Cash +$980 Accounts Receivable -$1,000 Sales Discounts (+xR) -$20 Sales on Account and Sales Discounts To take advantage of this 2% discount, the customer must pay Wal-Mart within 10 days. If the customer does so, it will deduct the $20 discount (2% $1,000) from the total owed ($1,000), and then pay $980 to Wal-Mart. 980 20 1,000 dr Cash (+A) dr Sales Discounts (+xR, -SE) cr Accounts Receivable (-A) Record Analyze Liabilities Assets = 1 2 (2% × $1,000)

  37. Summary of Sales-Related Transactions The sales returns and allowances and sales discounts introduced in this section were recorded using contra-revenue accounts.

  38. Learning Objective 6-7 Analyze a merchandiser’s multistep income statement.

  39. GrossProfit % Gross ProfitNet Sales = × 100 Gross Profit Percentage

  40. Comparing Operating Results Across Companies and Industries

  41. Chapter 6Solved Exercises M6-10, M6-19, E6-5, E6-7, E6-10, E6-17

  42. M6-10 Calculating Shrinkage in a Perpetual Inventory System Corey’s Campus Store has $4,000 of inventory on hand at the beginning of the month. During the month, the company buys $41,000 of merchandise and sells merchandise that had cost $30,000. At the end of the month, $13,000 of inventory is on hand. How much shrinkage occurred during the month? Beginning inventory Purchases Cost of Goods Sold Ending balance Inventory count Shrinkage $ 4,000 +41,000 -30,000 15,000 -13,000 $ 2,000

  43. M6-19 Calculating the Impact of Changes in Gross Profit Percentage on Operating Income Luxottica Group, the Italian company that sells Ray Ban and Killer Loop sunglasses, reported a gross profit percentage of 66.4 percent in 2008 and 65.4 percent in 2009. In each of these two years, the company’s net sales was fairly steady at approximately 5 million euro. Assuming that Luxottica’s operating expenses were 2.6 million euro in each year, how much more (or less) income from operations did Luxottica report in 2009 than in 2008? Sales Gross profit percentage Gross Profit Operating Expenses Income from Operations Luxottica earned € 50,000 less in 2009 than 2008. 2008 €5,000,000 x 0.664 3,320,000 2,600,000 € 720,000 2009 €5,000,000 x 0.654 3,270,000 2,600,000 € 670,000

  44. End of Chapter 6

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