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Understanding Future and Imperfect of Irregular Verbs in Latin: Concepts & Patterns

This chapter delves into the essential concepts of forming future and imperfect tenses of irregular Latin verbs, focusing on "sum, esse" and "possum, posse." Key topics include rhotacization, the existential use of "esse," and assimilation in verb conjugation. Learn the patterns for 3rd declension endings, and get a step-by-step approach to forming the future and imperfect tenses for both "sum" and "possum". Engage with practical examples to reinforce your understanding of these crucial grammatical structures in Latin.

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Understanding Future and Imperfect of Irregular Verbs in Latin: Concepts & Patterns

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  1. Chapter 6/7

  2. Key Concepts • Future and Imperfect of irregular verbs • Sum, esse • Possum, posse • Rhotacization • Existential use of esse • Assimilation

  3. Endings! M/F N: ____ N: ēs G: is G: um D: ī D: ibus AC: em AC: ēs AB: e AB: ibus Patterns? N N: ____ N: a G: is G: um D: ī D: ibus AC: ____ AC: a AB: e AB: ibus 3rd declension--Same process as before

  4. Future and Imperfect of TO BE • But first…let’s review how to form future and imperfect regular verbs

  5. Present: I am praising the farmers. • Imperfect: I was praising the farmers. • Future: I will praise the farmers.

  6. To form the FUTURE indicative • 1) Infinitive • 2) Find stem (with theme vowel) • 3) Add present infix, which is BO, BI, BU • 3) Add endings

  7. cenō, cenāre–to eat-future active indicative Singular 1st cenābō 2ndcenābis 3rdcenābit Plural Cenābimus Cenābitis cenābunt

  8. To Form the Imperfect • 1) Infinitive • 2) Find stem (with theme vowel) • 3) Add present infix, which is BA • 3) Add endings

  9. amō, amāre – imperfect active indicative plural amā-bā–mus amā-bā -tis amā-ba -nt sing. 1stamā-ba–m 2ndamā-bā–s 3rd amā-ba -t

  10. What do we do with sum, esse in Imperfect? • 1) Take stem: es- • 2) Add infixes: “A” (ditch the B) • 3) Add endings eram Imperfect: es-a era era+m RHOTASIZATION-when “s” is in between two vowels it goes R!

  11. eram I was erāmus We were erās You wereerātisYa’ll were eratHe/she/it waserant They were Ubi* puellaeram, linguamlatinamamābam. When*

  12. What do we do with sum,esse in Future? • Take stem: es- • Add infixes: use “O,” “I,” “U” • Add endings RHOTASIZATION Future: es-o ero Es-i-s eris Es-u-nterunt

  13. Future of esse erōI will be erimus We will be eris You will be eritisYa’ll will be erit He/she/it will be erunt They will be Discipulibonierunt, non mali. The students will be good, [they will not be] not bad.

  14. Erat/est at the beginning=story time • Erat Rex in nostrā patriā, non in Graeciā. • Erat villa in periculo.

  15. Existential “there is/was/will be” • Olimeratpuella de Nantucke … “There once was a girl from Nantucket…” • Eruntpericula in bello. …”There will be danger in war” • Compare to Hayen Español

  16. One More Verb! • The verb ‘possum, posse, potuī’ Means “to be able” Q: is this verb transitive? • *Form--Combo of ‘pot’ and the forms of ‘sum’* • ASSIMILATION • “s” breaks your “t-eeth” • Saying potsum is too hard!possum

  17. Present 1- Possum I am Possumus We are 2- Potes You arePotestis You all are 3- Potest He is Possunt They are Imperfect 1- Poteram I was able Poterāmus 2- PoterāsPoterātis 3- PoteratPoterant Present and Imperfect of “Possum”

  18. 1- PoteroPoterimus 2- PoterisPoteritis 3- PoteritPoterunt Can you guess the future?

  19. Complementary Inf. • Q: is this verb transitive? • Possum takes a complementary inf.-- An infinitive that goes with another infinitive to complete it’s meaning • Remember debeō, debēre? • Debetvocāre=he should call • Potestvocāre=he can call

  20. Pecuniam possum habēre. • Possumusamārelinguamlatinam!

  21. Key Concepts February 5 • Third Declension

  22. Endings! M/F N: ____ N: ēs G: is G: um D: ī D: ibus AC: em AC: ēs AB: e AB: ibus Patterns? N N: ____ N: a G: is G: um D: ī D: ibus AC: ____ AC: a AB: e AB: ibus Same process as before Try pax, pacis-f

  23. Pāx, pācis- f. peace N: PāxPācēs G: PācisPācum D: PācīPācibus AC: PācemPācēs AB: PācePācibus

  24. Corpus, corporis- n. body Nom.: Corpus Corpora Gen. : CorporisCorporum Dat.: CorporīCorporibus Acc: Corpus Corpora Abl.: CorporeCorporibus

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