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Chapter 6

Chapter 6 CELLULAR OXIDATION What Is Oxidation? Oxidation = the process of removing an electron form a molecule (e.g. Hydrogen) In the case of energy production, the electron provides the energy needed to reform ATP from ADP and P Ultimately, the H will combine with O 2 to form H 2 O

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 CELLULAR OXIDATION

  2. What Is Oxidation? • Oxidation = the process of removing an electron form a molecule (e.g. Hydrogen) • In the case of energy production, the electron provides the energy needed to reform ATP from ADP and P • Ultimately, the H will combine with O2 to form H2O • Oxidation involves the Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Beta Oxidation

  3. Where Does Oxidation Occur? • Mitochondria (plural) • Mitochondria are located in two areas • Subsarcolemmal • Intermyofibillar • Red in color • Outer membrane • Intermembrane space • Cristea • F complexes • Inner membrane

  4. The Krebs Cycle

  5. What are the Functions of the Krebs Cycle? • An imperfect cycle • Products • CO2 • ATP • H • Which product is most important? • Why?

  6. The Krebs Cycle • 3 CO2 • 1 ATP (GTP) • 4 NADH • 1 FADH

  7. How Does Pyruvate Enter the Krebs Cycle? • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) – a rate limiting enzyme • Function/Products • Pyruvate to Acetate • Add Coenzyme A • Produces Acetyl-CoA, CO2, NADH • Stimulated by NAD, ADP, CoA • Inhibited by NADH, ATP, Acetyl CoA

  8. Actyl-CoA • Sources of Actyl-CoA • Glucose (Pyruvate) • Fatty acids • Amino acids • Combines with OAA to form citric acid

  9. Key Enzymes • Isocitric Dehydrogenase (IDH) • The rating limiting enzyme • Inhibited by NADH • Stimulated by NAD+

  10. What is the Function of NADH and FADH? • Transport H to Electron Transport Chain • NADH give 3 ATP for every H • FADH give 2 ATP for every H

  11. Electron Transport Chain

  12. What Happens in the Electron Transport Chain? • Inner mitochondrial membrane • Oxidation – removal of electrons (H) • Series of steps from higher to lower energy • A chemical and electrical gradient is formed

  13. Phosphorlyation: ADP + P  ATP Re-entry of H provide energy (Fig. 6-10) Linked to the formation of water Oxygen is the final electron acceptor H2O More Electron Transport Chain

  14. GLYCOLYSIS Start with glucose

  15. GLYCOLYSIS End with pyruvate

  16. KREBS CYCLE Start with pyruvate being converted to Acetyl-CoA End up with… NADH/FADH CO2 ATP

  17. KREBS CYCLE (Detailed)

  18. KREBS CYCLE AND ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

  19. ALL TOGETHER • GLYCOLYSIS • KREBS • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

  20. ALL TOGETHER • GLYCOLYSIS • KREBS • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • ALL TOGETHER • GLYCOLYSIS • KREBS • ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN NAD NADH Lactic Acid

  21. Anaerobic and Aerobic • Initially, most glucose is used aerobicly • As more glucose is required, due to an increase in intensity, more NADH • If the additional NADH cannot transfer H to mitochondria, then lactate levels increase • The more O2 that is supplied to the mitochondria, the less H will be used to convert pyruvate to lactate

  22. Oxygen Supply • Increase cardiac output • Increase heart size • Increase blood volume • Increase red blood cells • Increase capillaries • Increase myoglobin

  23. Mitochondria and Training • Larger or more mitochondria (double) • Same activity level per mito • Higher resting metabolic rate • Stimulators of new mito: • Hypoxia • ADP • Pi

  24. Carbon Dioxide VCO2 Oxygen LUNGS Ventilation HEART Cardiac Output MUSCLE Oxidation O2 CO2 • Energy • ATP • Kcal Carbon Dioxide Oxygen VO2

  25. Key Topics • Using glucose/glycogen as an aerobic fuel • Fate of pyruvate • Krebs cycle • Electron transport chain • Role of oxygen • Measurement of oxygen consumption (VO2)

  26. Assignment • By Monday, one question each from chapters 7 & 8.

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