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Cell Structure and Function

Learn about the cell theory, cell structure, and cell function in this lecture. Discover the characteristics of cells, the functions of different organelles, and the endosymbiotic hypothesis. Explore the roles of the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and more. Enhance your understanding with a visual exploration of the inner life of a cell.

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Cell Structure and Function

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  1. Lecture 8b Cell Structure and Function

  2. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells. All cells are derived from pre-existing cells, i.e., capable of reproduction Cells are the smallest unit of life

  3. Characteristics of All Cells • A cell membrane encloses a fluid cytoplasm where most of the chemistry of the cell occurs. • DNA is the genetic code. • This genetic code is essentially the same for all cells. • The basic biological molecules and biochemical pathways are the same in all cells.

  4. Tree of Life Eukaryote Prokaryote

  5. Prokaryotic Cell

  6. Eukaryotic Animal Cell Typical Animal Cell

  7. Eukaryotic Plant Cell Typical Plant Cell

  8. Plasma Membrane

  9. Membrane Functions Enclose cell Surround organelles Provide attachment sites Cell-cell recognition

  10. Membrane Size & Structure Keeps things in/out Large area = more regulatory control Permits compartments Passing membrane may be important

  11. highconcentration lowconcentration Compartments Isolate materials Concentrate materials Allow concentration gradients Diffusion membrane

  12. Membrane Structure • Lipid bilayer • Highly motile • Life measured in hours • Embedded proteins • Life measured in days

  13. Membrane Structure

  14. Endocytosis

  15. Exocytosis

  16. Nucleus

  17. Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough and Smooth ER

  18. Ribosomes Make proteins

  19. Mitochondria Respiratory center of cell

  20. Function of the Golgi Complex Package and secrete products

  21. Lysosome Function • Suicide sack • Digest food • Remove worn organelles

  22. Cytoskeleton

  23. Cell Walls

  24. Chloroplasts

  25. Central Vacuole of a Plant Cell

  26. Endosymbiotic Hypothesis mitochondrion chloroplast

  27. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts • Both are membrane bounded • Both are relatively large (bacterial size) • Endosymbiotic Hypothesis • Mutualistic relationship between different “organisms” • True?

  28. Mitochondrion Very prominent Most cells have hundreds(plural: mitochondria) Powerhouse of the cell (fuel molecules to ATP)

  29. Mitochondrion Metabolism Glucose (a sugar) to ATP ATP = universal energy “currency” ADP + energy ATP

  30. concentration gradient

  31. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Similar to mitochondrion Even larger Produces organic compounds(these store energy)

  32. Animal Vacuole Functions • Storage • Support • Water Regulation vacuole Plant mitochondria chloroplasts Both cell types havemembrane-bounded organelles

  33. N Endosymbiosis Hypothesis A A prokaryote ingested some aerobic bacteria. The aerobes were protected and produced energy for the prokaryote A C B D Cyanobacteria Aerobic bacteria Chloroplasts Mitochondria N N Plant cell Prokaryote N Animal Cell

  34. N Endosymbiosis Hypothesis B Over a long period of time the aerobes became mitochondria, no longer able to live on their own A C B D Cyanobacteria Aerobic bacteria Chloroplasts Mitochondria N N Plant cell Prokaryote N Animal Cell

  35. N Endosymbiosis Hypothesis C Some primitive prokaryotes also ingested cyanobacteria, which contain photosynthetic pigments A C B D Cyanobacteria Aerobic bacteria Chloroplasts Mitochondria N N Plant cell Prokaryote N Animal Cell

  36. N Endosymbiosis Hypothesis D Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts, unable to live on their own A C B D Cyanobacteria Aerobic bacteria Chloroplasts Mitochondria N N Plant cell Prokaryote N Animal Cell

  37. Inquiry • What is the function of: • Mitochondria • Nucleus • Golgi apparatus • Lysozome • Ribosomes • Smooth and rough ER Cellular Visions: The inner life of a cell (video) http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html

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