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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. The New World. I. First Americans II. Early Civilizations in Central America Olmec Mayan Aztec III. South American Chimor Incans IV. Stateless Societies in the New World V. Conclusion. I. The First Americans Who were the first human beings in the Americas?

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 The New World

  2. I. First Americans • II. Early Civilizations in Central America • Olmec • Mayan • Aztec • III. South American • Chimor • Incans • IV. Stateless Societies in the New World • V. Conclusion

  3. I. The First Americans • Who were the first human beings in the Americas? • European opinions on who they were • Bering Strait • Nomads • Agriculture, 5000 B.C.E. • Maize

  4. II. Early Civilizations in Central America • Olmecs • Appeared about 1000 BC • Location: lowlands South of Veracruz – Mexico – El Salvador • Trade: • Use of stone ornaments • Religious ceremonies • Hieroglyphics • Classes • Teotihuacán: America’s First Metropolis • 8th Century – 6th century: decline, abandonment of city • Collapsed around 4th century BC

  5. Mayan • Appeared around 100 AD, blooms between 600- 900 AD • Location: Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Honduras • Primitive Agriculture • City-states but not cities per se – religious or ceremonial complexes. • King very powerful, theocratic • 3 million population on the Yucatan peninsula • Religion • Inventions • Ball game • Mayan Hieroglyphics • Mystery of Mayan Decline • Decline about 9th – 10th centuries • Collapsed 10th century • New urban centers on Yucatan • Migrations of the Toltecs (seized Chichen Itza) • Final collapse - 1699

  6. Aztecs • Overthrew Toltec 1350 • Settled • Lake Texcoco • Confederation – feudal • By 16th century – empire covered whole of Central Mexico • Agricultural • Exploration • Warriors • Similarity to Mayan – sacrificial

  7. Politics and Society • Monarch: semi divine • Classes: • Nobility • Commoners • Calpulli -- kinship group • Classes not rigidly stratified • Gender roles: highly stratified • Male children trained for war • Women not equal to men

  8. Religion and Culture • Religion • Huitzilopochtli • Quetzalcoatl • Human sacrifice • Art and sculpture • Religious significance • Writing based on hieroglyphs

  9. Destruction of Aztec Civilization • Hernán Cortés, 1519, invasion of Mexico • Moctezuma held captive • Cortés was aided by native groups hostile to the Aztecs, especially the Tlaxcallans • Defeat of the Aztecs

  10. III. The First Civilizations in South America • Chimor • 1000 AD • City built at Moche River • By 15th century - earthquake

  11. Incans • Pachakuti • By mid 15th century – Incans ruled from Ecuador to Chile • The Four Quarters: Inca Politics and Society • Government structure • Record keeping but lacked writing system • Tahuantinsuyu • Forced labor • Highways and roads • Inca Culture • Built on war with an army of 200,000 men, conscripts • quipu, knotted strings • Government controlled, all aspects • Conquest of the Inca • Francisco Pizarro, 1532

  12. IV. Stateless Societies in the New World • Development of agriculture in the 3rd millennium B.C.E. • Mississippi River valley • West of the Mississippi • Anasazi • Urban center at Chaco Canyon • South America • Arawak

  13. V. Conclusion • Parallels New and Old • Isolation • Independent • Warlike • Structure/architecture • Religious / political • Social / Communal

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