THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

1. THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

2. “A House divided against itself cannot stand.” -- Abraham Lincoln Election of 1860 1856 1860 1864

3. Election of 1856 1856 1860 1864

4. South Carolina Secedes • When Lincoln won the election, South Carolina responded by seceding from the Union on December 20th, 1860. • By February, six other states had seceded: Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. • The states met and wrote their own constitution and elected Jefferson Davis as president of the Confederates States of America. • The Civil War begins on April 12th, 1861, when the Confederates open fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston.

7. FORT SUMTER Lincoln refused Confederate demands to withdraw a garrison of federal troops stationed at Fort Sumter, SC. MAP Map Credit: http://www.abbeville.com

8. Map Credit: http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields...charleston-harbor-1861.html

9. Attack on Fort Sumter April 12-13, 1861 General P.G.T. Beauregard, CSA

11. Material Advantages 1860 South North Population Farm Acreage Manufacturing Workers Bank Capital Icons Courtesy of Iconify.it

12. Advantages of the North • The Union had far greater economic resources. • The North had more railway lines, which allowed supplies and troops to be transported easier. • The North also had more factories to produce guns, ammunition, shoes, etc. • The North had 2/3 of the nation’s population, so it greatly outnumbered the South’s manpower. • The North also had a navy, while the South did not.

15. Advantages of the North • The North had better political leadership. Abraham Lincoln was very effective in keeping the Union together.

16. Advantages of the South • The South had better military leadership. • General Robert E. Lee was a brilliant and respected commander. • The South depended on their trading relationship with Great Britain in order to get the manufactured goods and ships that they did not have. • The South also had the advantage of motivation. The South wanted to keep slavery and their way of life.

18. North’s Strategy • The North’s strategy was to cut the South in half at the Mississippi River. • Then, the North would try to invade the capital city of Richmond. • This was called the Anaconda Plan. • The North also planed to blockade the south’s ports so that supplies could not come in from Great Britain.

19. The “Anaconda Plan” 2 Capture Richmond 3 Control the Mississippi R. 1 Naval Blockade

20. South’s Strategy • The South’s strategy was to seek support from Great Britain. • They hoped to fight a war of attrition, meaning they hoped to wear down the North into surrendering.

21. Waiting to Free the Slaves • At first, Lincoln did not want to free the saves. This means Lincoln was NOT an abolitionist! • Lincoln’s main objective during the Civil War was preserving the Union. • He wanted to keep the border states that had slaves in the Union. Many of them did not secede. • If these states had seceded, it would be much harder to keep the Union together. So Lincoln waited on freeing the slaves.

23. The First Battle of Bull Run • This was the first major battle between the two armies. • The battle was a humiliating defeat for the Union. • The South could have invaded Washington DC, but they did not.

25. Battle of Antietam • The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War. • Almost 23,000 men died at Antietam.

27. Emancipation Proclamation • After the victory at Antietam, President Lincoln delivered the Emancipation Proclamation. • This proclamation ordered the southern states “in rebellion” to free their slaves. • This did not include the border states, such as Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, and Maryland. • Lincoln did not want to make the people in those states angry by taking away their slaves, because he needed their support. • So, the Emancipation Proclamation did not actually free many slaves, because the south just ignored the order.

29. Emancipation Proclamation • But the Emancipation Proclamation also made the end of slavery a goal of the war. • This helped the Union because Great Britain’s people were very against slavery, so it was impossible for them to continue to support the South.

30. Blacks in the Army • Once slaves heard about the Emancipation Proclamation, some ran behind Union lines to become free. • Some of these slaves even enlisted in the United States Army. • Several all-black regiments were formed to fight in the Civil War. • The most notable regiment was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment. • They led an attack on Fort Wagner in Charleston and disproved myths that blacks could not fight. • Blacks in the Army were poorly supplied and paid less than white soldiers.

32. Battle of Vicksburg • By spring of 1863, the only town that the Confederates controlled on the Mississippi River was Vicksburg. • General Ulysses Grant laid siege to Vicksburg for two months. • A siege is when a town is surrounded and cut off from supplies. • By the time the Confederates surrendered, the people of Vicksburg had to eat horses, mules, dogs, and rats. • After the Battle of Vicksburg, President Lincoln made General Grant the commander of the Union forces. • This solved Lincoln’s problems with his generals. • General Grant changed the strategy of the North to “total war.” • Total war is when there is no difference between soldier and civilian.

35. The Battle of Gettysburg • The Battle of Gettysburg was a key turning point in the war. • General Lee’s forces were defeated. • 51,000 soldiers died at Gettysburg, so it was the deadliest battle of the war. • 4 months later, Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address.

36. The Gettysburg AddressNovember 19, 1863 Fourscore and seven years ago… Of the people, by the people, and for the people… RHETORIC

39. Election of 1864 1856 1860 1864

40. 1864 Presidential ElectionThe Political Spectrum Peace Democrats War Democrats Moderate Republicans Radical Republicans Armistice Return to Pre-war State of Affairs Win the War Preserve the Union Abolish Slavery Abolish Slavery Political Equality for Blacks Election of 1864 Cartoons

41. Total War • General William T. Sherman made his way from Chattanooga to Atlanta. He and his forces burned Atlanta to the ground. • After burning Atlanta, Sherman continued his “march to the sea” destroying bridges, factories, and railroad lines. • Then, General Grant laid siege to the city of Petersburg. • Grant strained the manpower and economic resources of the South.

45. The War Ends • The war ended on April 9th, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. • The courts ruled that the idea of secession was null and void. • The idea of states’ rights that was used by the South continues to be revered in some segments of southern society.

47. Reconstruction

48. Lincoln Assassinated • Just five days after the war ended, Lincoln was assassinated. • He was killed by John Wilkes Booth, an actor who wanted to revive the Civil War. • The assassination was a vast conspiracy to kill many of the top officials in the Union.