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Carbon Macromolecules

Carbon Macromolecules. Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. straight chain branched chain ring. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.

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Carbon Macromolecules

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  1. Carbon Macromolecules • Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. • Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures. • straight chain • branched chain • ring

  2. Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. • Monomers are the individual subunits. • Polymers are made of many monomers.

  3. Carbohydrates Function: To be broken down as a source of chemical energy; also a part of cell structure. Example: sugars, starches, cellulose *Simple sugars (glucose) = monosaccharides *Starches and cellulose = polysaccharides

  4. Importance of polysaccharides: • Plants store glucose in the form of polysaccharides known as starch in their roots • Animals store glucose in the from of a polysaccharide known as glycogen in our liver and muscle cells • The chains sticking out of the proteins in the cell membrane are polysaccharides know as cell markers

  5. Cellulose isthe most abundant organic molecule on earth. • Gives trees and plants structure and strength • We need cellulose (fiber) to keep our digestive tracts clean and healthy • Polysaccharides are used in the shell of crustaceans like crabs and lobsters (Chitin) http://rasamalaysia.com/uploaded_images/black_pepper_crab/stone_crab1.jpg

  6. http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/Image70.gif Sucrose = glucose + fructose http://chemistry2.csudh.edu/rpendarvis/1feb23.gif Glucose can be linear or ring structure!

  7. Lipids • Function: To be broken down as a source of chemical energy; makes cell membranes • Example: fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids *Lipids are nonpolar/hydrophobic! *Most membrane lipids (phospolipids) are amphipathic, having a non-polar end and a polar end. Fatty acids – Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms (carboxylic acids)

  8. Various Fatty Acids: Saturated fats (usually from animals) • single carbon bonds • Strong attractions between chains • High melting points • Solids at room temperature Unsaturated fats (usually from plants) • at least 1 carbon double bond • Few interactions between chains • Low melting points • Liquids at room temperature

  9. http://twistedphysics.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c9c1053ef0133ecf8b451970b-pihttp://twistedphysics.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c9c1053ef0133ecf8b451970b-pi

  10. Your Body Needs Lipids! =Tryglyceride

  11. Properties of Lipids Hydrogenation • Unsaturated compounds react with H2 • Ni or Pt catalyst • C=C bonds C–C bonds Hydrolysis • Split by water and acid or enzyme catalyst • Produce glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  12. Different foods provide different amounts of ATP: • Fats store the most energy. • about 146 ATP from a triglyceride • Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. • Up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP, but have about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate.

  13. Proteins • Function: Many functions- including movement, transport, chemical catalysts • Example: enzymes, meats, nuts Protein- Polymer made of monomers called amino acids.

  14. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/04_02_polypeptide_backbone.jpghttp://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/04_02_polypeptide_backbone.jpg

  15. Nucleic Acids • Function: To store genetic information and build proteins (just ONE function!) • Example: DNA and RNA Nucleic acids- Polymers that are made up of monomers called nucleotides.

  16. http://wiki.chemeddl.org/images/c/c8/Chapter_20_page_27-2.jpghttp://wiki.chemeddl.org/images/c/c8/Chapter_20_page_27-2.jpg http://www.stanford.edu/group/pandegroup/folding/education/dna.gif

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