Bell Ringer 12/11

1. Bell Ringer 12/11 • What is the shot heard round the world. When was it fired? What is its significance?

3. First Continental Congress • September 1774 Met in Philadelphia • 56 colonial delegates met • Georgia was the only colony that did not send representatives. • Debated the best way to respond to the crisis taking place in Boston • Some were for a fight • Others wanted to make peace

4. Decided on a compromise to continue boycotting British goods. • Had militia remain ready to fight • Assembled a list of 10 resolutions to present to the king. • Freedom and right to life, liberty, and property. • Agreed to meet again in May if king did not agree.

5. The “Shot Heard round the World” • Tensions remained high • Militia members began calling themselves “minutemen” because they were ready in a minutes notice. • British General Gage took away their weapons in April 1775. • To stop the plan from fully being completed Paul Revere and William Dawes rode horses full speed to other towns. • “The Redcoats are coming!”

6. Fewer than 70 minutemen gathered at Lexington • A much larger force of British troops met them. “Don’t fire unless fired upon. But if they mean to have a war, let it begin here!” • A shot rang out  no one knows who fired the “shot heard around the world.” • The battle ended in minutes leaving 8 colonists dead and 10 wounded. • After finding no weapons the British retreated and the colonists fired on them from behind. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZMmPWTwTHc

7. The Second Continental Congress • May 1775 • 12 colonies sent delegates to meet. • Decided not to break away despite fighting • Created a Continental Army • Chose George Washington to command army

8. July 5th • One last attempt to keep the peace • Olive Branch Petition – symbol of peace • King George III angrily rejected the peace offer. • Why do you think King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition?

9. Early Battles • Battle of Bunker Hill • Showed the colonists that they stood a chance. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-8qn2Yqqco

10. Bell Ringer 12/12 • What do you know about the Declaration of Independence?

11. By 1776, American colonists were divided into 3 groups Loyalists wanted to remain British colonies Neutrals were undecided about which side to choose Patriots supported separation from Britain (independence)

12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8ug7TuMW3Q Quick Review:How did we get to this point?

13. By 1750, the American colonists were loyal British citizens with autonomous, self-governing colonial assemblies and a thriving trade connection with England Second Continental Congress (1775) Proclamation of 1763 Lexington and Concord (1775) The policy of salutary neglect ended as Britain imposed greater political authority over the colonies, raised new taxes to pay off war debts, and refused to allow colonists representation in Parliament First Continental Congress (1774) Sons of Liberty formed Intolerable Acts (1774) Townshend Acts (1767) Paine’s Common Sense (1776) Boston Tea Party (1773) Boston Massacre (1770) Turning Point!England defeated France in the French and Indian War (1754-1763) Stamp Act (1765) Declaration of Independence (1776) Revolutionary War (1775-1783) 1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775 1780 1785

14. The American Revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment John Locke—all men are born with natural rights & citizens can revolt from tyrannical gov’ts Montesquieu—separation of powers; checks & balances • Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged colonial independence Rousseau believed that citizens have a social contract with their gov’t

15. “long habit of not thinking a thing WRONG, gives it a superficial appearance of being RIGHT,” ― Thomas Paine, Common Sense • “Small islands, not capable of protecting themselves, are the proper objects for kingdoms to take under their care; but there is something absurd, in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island.” ― Thomas Paine, Common Sense

16. By July 1776, how had colonial attitudes towards Great Britain changed?

17. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was the principal author By July 1776, enough Americans were “patriots” that members of the Second Continental Congressformed a 5-man committee to draft a Declaration of Independence All men are born with “natural rights” of life, liberty, & property Citizens can break their social contract with their gov’t when their gov’t becomes tyrannical It was based on the “enlightened” ideas of John Locke & explained why the colonists were rebelling

18. John Locke • Said people have rights that are above that of the good of society. • They include life, liberty, and property. • Governments and leaders only exist to protect these rights. • There is no such thing as absolute power. • The state of nature for man is freedom.

19. Quick Class Discussion: Based on this word cloud, hypothesize THREE major themes present in the Declaration of Independence?

20. Bell Ringer 1/2 • Write me a paragraph about your Christmas break.

21. Bell Ringer 1/3 • What do you remember about the Declaration of Independence?

22. Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) Committee to draft the Declaration: Thomas Jefferson, Ben Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, & Roger Sherman

23. Examining Excerpts from the Declaration of Independence:Read each passage of the Declaration of Independence. Working with a partner, summarize the main idea and write it in your own words in the chart

24. Decoding the Declaration of Independence • We should explain why we are declaring independence • All people have natural rights • Government power comes from the people • If a gov’t cannot protect people, then the people should create a new gov’t that can • King George III has abused his power • These are the reasons we believe that the king has abused his powers • We have explained to the king why we are unhappy but he has ignored us and hurt us • Because of the king’s abusive actions, we are declaring our independence as a new nation

25. TheDeclaration of Independence& Influences from the Enlightenment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rgiyq7rqWhg Too Late to Apologize Video (3.22)

26. America: The Story of UsAmerican Revolution (3.31) • Watch the video from the America: The Story of Us series and answer these questions: • What advantages did the American colonists have over the British? • What advantages did the British have over the American colonists? • Why did the Americans win the Revolutionary War?

27. Bell Ringer 1/7 • How is your book report coming? Tell me about your progress and one thing you have learned from your book. • ** You have ONE week from today**

28. The Declaration of Independence was a formal demand for separation, but the Revolutionary War had already begun in 1775 Lexington & Concord Formation of a Continental Army under George Washington Americans were divided among Patriots, Loyalists, & Neutrals

29. Independence Hall Thompson, Hancock, Read, Dickinson, Rutledge. McKean Wilson Chase & Morris Lee & Adams Walton Hopkins Adams, Sherman, Livingston, Jefferson, Franklin

31. Quick Class Discussion • What was the biggest advantage the American colonists had during the Revolutionary War? • What was the biggest advantage that Great Britain had during the Revolutionary War? • Based on this chart, who should win the war?

32. Revolutionary War • When the war began, the British had a clear military advantage: • 400% larger & more experienced army • More money • The world’s most dominant navy • Manufacturing to make war supplies

33. Revolutionary War Britain under-estimated the colonial commitment to independence To win, the English had to find & defeat the Continental Army • But, the American colonists had: • Familiarity with the environment • A commitment to win the war • Short supply lines to their soldiers • Adefensivestrategy to outlast the British

34. As leader of the Continental Army, George Washington was the symbol of the American cause He had to build a professional army & coordinate the militias Encouraged common citizens & volunteer soldiers to support the war even when the British seemed destined to win during the early years of the revolution

35. Bell Ringer 1/8 The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 • Tell me about this painting. What are some of the symbolic features? The magnanimous kindness displayed by Washington, on this occasion, offers a sublime example of true heroism, and well deserves to be imitated by all military men. The artist chose this subject, and composed the picture, for the express purpose of giving a lesson to all living and future soldiers in the service of his country, to show mercy and kindness to a fallen enemy,–their enemy no longer when wounded and in their power.

36. American Military:Continental Army, Colonial Militias, & Civilians

37. Differing Military Strategies Outlast the British Defend colonial lands & drag out the war Guerilla tactics Make an alliance with France Divide & Conquer Use Loyalists, seize property, encourage slave revolts SplittheNorthern & Southern colonies Blockade ports to prevent trade General Washington The Americans The British General Gage As long as Britain did not defeat the Continental Army, England could not win

38. The American Revolution began at Lexington & Concord

39. British victories from 1776-1777 made an American victory look impossible

40. British Seizure & Burning of New York, 1776

41. On Christmas Eve 1776, Washington gave Americans hope by crossing the Delaware River & surprising British troops in Trenton, NJ

42. Crossing the Delaware in route to a surprise attack at Trenton & Princeton, 1776

43. From the beginning of the war, American diplomats, led by Benjamin Franklin, tried to form an alliance with the French The French gov’t was willing, but needed to see that the Americans had a chance to win The French agreed to join the American cause after the battle of Saratoga in 1777

44. The Battle of Saratogawas a turning point because France joined the Americans as an ally

45. The “turning point” of the Revolution: The Battle of Saratoga, 1777 After Saratoga, French general Lafayette helped train American troops while the French navy helped neutralize the British advantage on the high seas When French troops arrived in the spring 1778, the tide of the war shifted in favor of the Americans Marquis de Lafayette

46. During the winter of 1777-78, Continental Army troops nearly starved at Valley Forge, PA but Washington & Lafayette inspired & trained the troops to continue the fight

47. Near Starvation at Valley Forge, PA in 1778

48. From 1778-1781, both sides traded victories, but the war finally came to a conclusion at the Battle of Yorktown

49. The Battle of Yorktown By 1781, Washington trapped the army of British General Cornwallis between the Continental Army & the French navy

50. The Battle of Yorktown General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington in 1781, ending the American Revolution Cornwallis’ surrender was the “day the world turned upside down”