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States of Matter

States of Matter. A Matter of Kinetic Energy. Types of States of Matter. Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Beam BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate Zero State of Matter Most Dense. Changes of State. Kinetic Energy ( kelvins & paschals ).

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States of Matter

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  1. States of Matter A Matter of Kinetic Energy

  2. Types of States of Matter • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma • Beam • BEC, or Bose-Einstein Condensate • Zero State of Matter • Most Dense

  3. Changes of State

  4. Kinetic Energy (kelvins & paschals)

  5. chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluidschemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Supercritical_Fluids • Supercritical fluids are useful in science today • extraction of floral fragrance • the process of creating decaffeinated coffee • food science and functional food ingredients • pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, polymers, powders, bio- and functional materials • nano-systems, natural products, biotechnology, fossil & biofuels, microelectronics & environment (Bottini 133).

  6. www.engineeringtoolbox.com/vapor-steam-d_609 • Superheated Vapor • When the temperature is higher than the boiling point @ a given pressure. • Vapor cannot exist in contact with the fluid, nor contain fluid particles. • Increase in pressure or decrease in temperature will not, within limits, condensate out liquid particles in the vapor. • Highly superheated vapors are gases that approximately follow the general gas law.

  7. Critical Temp & Pressure • Critical Temperature • The temperature at which only gas exists, regardless of its pressure • Critical Pressure • The lowest pressure at which liquids exist at critical temperature • Critical Point • The intersection of critical temperature & pressure

  8. Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases • Ideal gas = hypothetical gas perfectly aligns with all kinetic-molecular theory assumptions • Five Assumptions • Distance between molecules dwarfs actual size • All collisions are perfectly elastic • Particles are in continuous, rapid, random motion • Particles have NO attraction to each other • Temperature = average kinetic energy of particles

  9. Nature of Gases • Ideal vs. Real • Real approaches ideal @ low pressure/ high temp • Expansion – molecules fill entire space • Fluidity – no intermolecular attractions • Density - ~ 10-3 of liquid or solid state • Compressibility – 100X more molecules • Diffusion & Effusion • Spontaneous mixing via random motion • Passing through tiny opening

  10. C/C Intermolecular Forces

  11. Properties of Liquids • LEAST common state of matter in universe • Fluids (as are gases) • Lower kinetic energy than gases • Interactive forces keep molecules connected • Dipole-dipole forces • Equal but opposite charges separated by short distance • London dispersion forces • Spontaneous creation of dipoles (polar & nonpolar) • Hydrogen bonding (electronegativity)

  12. Hydrogen Bonding

  13. Properties of Liquids, continued • Density: 100x > gases; 10% < solids • Compressibility: @ 103 atm., volume ~ 4% • Diffusion: present, but slower than in gases • Surface tension: high intermolecular attraction • Capillary action: attraction between surfaces of liquid and a solid • Vaporization: evaporation & boiling  gas

  14. Nature of Solids • Interparticle attractions stronger than others • Two types of solids • Crystalline (orderly arrangement) • Amorphous (random arrangement) • supercooled liquids: have liquid properties even if look solid • Shape & Volume: Definite • Melting Point: Definite • Density & Incompressibility: High • Diffusion: Low rate (10-6 less than others)

  15. Dipole-dipole Forces

  16. Covalent Molecular Structures Glucose – C6H12O6 Buckminsterfullerene

  17. Crystalline Solids • Ionic • Alkali & alkaline earth with halogens & Group 16 • Hard, brittle, high melting points, good insulators • Covalent network • Cx (diamonds), (SiO2)x quartz, (SiC)x • Very hard and brittle, high MP, semi- or nonconductors • Covalent molecular (nonpolar & polar) • H2, CH4, C6H6: only weak London dispersion forces • H2O & NH3,: stronger forces but weaker than covalent • Soft, low MP, low BP, good insulators

  18. Crystalline Structures Ionic Structure AgCl

  19. Covalent Network Crystals Diamond Quartz

  20. Covalent Network Carbon Graphite

  21. Covalent Molecular

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