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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Respiration. The three components of the respiratory system. External respiration Gas transport Internal respiration. The three functions of the respiratory system. External respiration or pulmonary ventilation

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Respiration

  2. The three components of the respiratory system • External respiration • Gas transport • Internal respiration

  3. The three functions of the respiratory system • External respiration or pulmonary ventilation • Gas transport and distribution from the lungs to the tissues via the blood • Internal or tissue respiration

  4. Sequence of air flow in external respiration • Through nose • Into nasal cavity • Past turbinates • Through nasopharynx • Past the glottis • Into trachea • To bronchi • To lungs • To smaller bronchi • To bronchioles • To terminal bronchioles • To respirator bronchioles • Alveolar ducts • Alveoli Visit the AACVPR—American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation at www.aacvpr.org and the National Jewish Medical and Research Center at www.njc.org/main.html

  5. The respiratory system, showing the respiratory passages and the function of the alveolus to oxygenate the blood and to remove carbon dioxide.

  6. The respiratory cycle • Inspiration phase • Active phase • Expiration phase • Passive phase

  7. Mechanics of lung ventilation • Inspiration • The diaphragm descends and the external and anterior internal intercostal muscles raise the ribs • Volume of lungs increases • Lowers pressure within the lungs (creates a pressure gradient) • Air moves into the lungs • Expiration • The diaphragm and intercostals recoil to their resting length • Recoil creates a higher-than-atmosphere pressure in the lungs • Pressure gradient moves air out of the lungs

  8. Diagram of inspiration and expiration

  9. Lung ventilation during exercise • Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles help lift ribs in inspiration • Abdominal muscles aid in expiration • Raise intra-abdominal pressure • Draw lower ribs downward and medially

  10. The four primary lung volumes • Tidal volume • Inspiratory reserve volume • Expiratory reserve volume • Residual volume Visit the American Lung Association at www.lungsusa.org

  11. Lung capacities • Total lung capacity • Vital capacity • Inspiratory capacity • Functional residual capacity

  12. Respiratory control Input to respiratory center comes from • Neural input within the brain • Neural input from muscles and joints • Humoral input

  13. Breathing patterns during exercise • Rate and depth • Type of exercise • Diaphragmatic versus costal breathing • Oral versus nasal breathing

  14. The ventilation equivalent • The number of liters of air breathed for every 100 ml of oxygen consumed. • At rest, approximately 25.4 liters of air must be inspired for a person to consume 1 liter of oxygen.

  15. Respiratory phenomena • Stitch in the side • Perhaps caused by ischemia of the diaphragm or intercostal muscles • Second wind • Occurs when body makes metabolic adjustments to exercise • Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) • Swimming well tolerated by asthmatics • Continuous running most likely to trigger

  16. Respiratory phenomena (cont.) • Hypoventilation • Typical of airway obstruction • Metabolism occurring at faster rate than lung ventilation • Hyperventilation • Lung ventilation rate is greater than metabolism • Decreasing quantities of CO2 (hypocapnia) • Used by swimmers

  17. Training and pulmonary function • Endurance training • Decreases functional residual capacity • Decreases residual volume • Decreases ratio of residual volume/total lung capacity • Increases vital capacity • Respiratory muscle fatigue • Lack of sufficient blood flow to provide adequate oxygen and remove metabolic byproducts • Limits exercise performance

  18. Effects of exposure to ozone on athletic performance • Decreases distance running ability • Reduces VO2 max • Decreases maximum ventilation rate • Causes shallow rapid breathing during submaximal exercise as well as a reduction in tidal volume

  19. Effect of endurance training on respiration • Makes breathing more efficient • Reduces metabolic acidosis • Increases oxidative capacity of the respiratory muscles • Decreases functional residual capacity • Decreases residual volume • Decreases the ratio of residual volume/total lung capacity • Increases vital capacity

  20. Gas transport Three processes occur between lung ventilation and tissue respiration: • Diffusion of oxygen across the wall of the alveolus and the wall of the capillary • Transport of oxygen in the blood to the capillary bed of the muscles • Diffusion of oxygen across the capillary wall to the active muscle fibers

  21. Percentage and partial pressures of O2 by altitude.

  22. Some basic properties of gases • Composed of molecules that are in constant motion at high velocities • Have no definite shape or volume, but conform to that of the container • Pressure results from the constant impact of molecules on the wall of the container • Pressure can be increased by confining gas to a smaller volume or increasing the activity of the molecules • Heat increases the molecular velocity, which increases pressure

  23. Composition of respiratory gases • Atmospheric air composed mainly of • nitrogen, • oxygen, • and carbon dioxide

  24. Diffusion gradients for oxygen 60 mm Hg for carbon dioxide 5 to 6 mm Hg

  25. Gas transport by the blood • Oxygen • Blood transports 20 volume percent of oxygen, 100 times a much as will dissolve in solution • Hemoglobin binds with oxygen • Carbon dioxide • Diffuses across cell membrane into the tissue fluid then across capillary wall into blood plasma • Most diffuses from plasma into red blood cell • Red blood cells transport the carbon dioxide

  26. Oxygen dissociation curve • Amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin as a result of changing carbon dioxide levels in the tissues • Curve is steep when the partial pressure of oxygen is low

  27. The oxygen dissociation curve for human blood

  28. The coefficient of oxygen utilization during exercise • The proportion of oxygen transported by the blood that is given off to the tissues • During resting conditions • During exercise

  29. The two processes involved in the control of acid-base balance • Buffer systems • Carbonic acid bicarbonate system • Blood proteins • Hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin • Physiological changes • In respiratory function • In kidney function

  30. The acid-base balance limits performance because • When exercise intensity increases beyond aerobic capacity, lactic acid becomes the end product of metabolism • The body’s ability to buffer lactic acid plays a large role in determining the end point of anaerobic activity

  31. Effect of exercise on lung diffusion The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries increases in direct proportion to the intensity of the exercise

  32. Breathing oxygen-enriched gas before or after exercise to improve performance or aid recovery • Not useful physiologically • May have a psychological effect if the athlete believes the oxygen helps.

  33. Limits on the maximal oxygen consumption rate (VO2 max) • During activities involving large muscle groups: • Cardiac output • During activities that involve only arms or only legs: • Muscular blood flow • Oxygen utilization

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