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Objectives

Chapter 5. Section 3 Cellular Respiration. Objectives. Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration. Describe how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration.

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Objectives

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  1. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Objectives • Summarizehow glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration. • Describehow ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration. • Identifythe role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration (next class) • Evaluatethe importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration.

  2. New Vocabulary • Aerobic • Anaerobic • Glycolysis • Krebs Cycle • NADH • FADH2 • Fermentation

  3. What type of organic compounds are made during photosynthesis? • Before organisms use the energy in organic compounds, they must convert this energy to _________ during the process of _______________ __________________ • Remember, ________ organisms respire…even plants • If they don’t respire, they ____________ Sugars (carbohydrates) ATP cellular respiration all expire

  4. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Oxygen • __________________ in the air you breathe makes the production of ATP more efficient, although some ATP is made ______________ oxygen. • Metabolic processes that require oxygen are called ___________________. • Metabolic processes that do not require oxygen are called _______________, which means “without air. without aerobic anaerobic

  5. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration • In the process of cellular respiration, __________________ is broken down to produce ____________ within __________________ glucose energy a mitochondrion

  6. Structure of the mitochondrion 2 • _____ membranes • Inner membrane is _________ • Space between the two membranes is called the ______________ space • Space inside the inner membrane is called the mitochondrial ____________ folded intermembrane matrix matrix Intermembrane space

  7. The equation for cellular respiration is… C6H12O6 + 6O26CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Which reactant is needed for cellular respiration to be efficient? In addition to energy, what other products are made? oxygen Carbon dioxide, water

  8. Section 3 Cellular Respiration Chapter 5 The Stages of Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages: Stage 1 Glycolysis: occurs in the ______________ Stage 2 Krebs Cycle: occurs in the _____________ _________ Stage 3 Electron Transport Chain: occurs along the folded __________ membrane cytoplasm mitochondrial matrix inner

  9. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis glucose • Process in which ___________ is broken down into ____________ or _____________ acid • Occurs in the ______________ • Does _____ need oxygen! • 4 steps pyruvates pyruvic cytoplasm not

  10. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis: Step 1 2 • _____ ATP jumpstart glycolysis • ____ phosphates from ATP join __________ to form an unstable 6-carbon compound 2 glucose

  11. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis: Step 2 • This unstable 6-carbon compound immediately breaks into ____ 3-carbon compounds called ___________ 2 PGAL

  12. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis: Step 3 • As glucose is broken down some of its ___________ atoms join _________ to form __________, which is an energy storing molecule • The hydrogen atoms are replaced by two more __________ groups hydrogen NAD+ NADH phosphate

  13. The ____ phosphates bond with 4 molecules of ADP to make 4 _______ molecules The remaining products are two 3-carbon pyruvates, which are ions of ___________ ________ Remember that 2 ATP are needed to start the process, so glycolysis produces a net gain of ______ ATP Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Glycolysis: Step 4 4 ATP pyruvic acid 2

  14. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Entering the Mitochondria diffuse • The 3-carbon pyruvates are small enough to ___________ through the mitochondrial membranes, where they are each broken down into…. • One ________ • One 2-carbon compound called an ___________ ____________ CO2 acetyl group

  15. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration • This process releases another hydrogen atom which joins NAD+ to make one more molecule of __________ • The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called ______________, (______) forming the compound _________________ NADH Coenzyme A CoA Acetyl-CoA

  16. Krebs • Each acetyl CoA enters the _________ cycle to start stage 2 of cellular respiration • It turns __________, once for each acetyl CoA • This cycle is name after ___________________, the scientist who discovered it • Occurs in ____ main steps twice Hans Krebs 4

  17. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Krebs Cycle (Step 1) • Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle by joining a 4-carbon compound called _____________ _____________ oxaloacetic acid

  18. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Krebs Cycle (Step 1) • The new 6-carbon compound is called _____________ ___________ • Since this is the first product of the Krebs cycle, it also often called the _____________ _________ cycle citric acid citric acid

  19. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Krebs Cycle (Step 2) CO2 • _____ is released from citric acid, resulting in a ___ carbon compound 5

  20. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Krebs Cycle (Step 3) CO2 • _____ is released from the 5-carbon compound, forming a ____ carbon compound • So how many molecules of CO2 are made during the Krebs cycle? 4 2, but it turns twice so 4

  21. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Krebs Cycle (Step 4) • The 4-carbon compound is _____________, making oxaloacetic acid available for the cycle again rearranged

  22. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration • This cycle also makes energy storing compounds… • ____ NADH • ____ ATP • ____ FADH2 • Remember that the cycle turns twice, so it is really… • ____ NADH • ____ ATP • ____ FADH2 3 1 1 6 2 2

  23. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration Stage Three: Electron Transport Chain • _________ and ________ carry high energy _________ to the inner membrane of the mitochondria, where they pass through an ______________ _____________ chain NADH FADH2 electrons electron transport

  24. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration hydrogen intermembrane • The energy released from the moving electrons is used to pump _____________ ions from mitochondrial matrix to the _______________ space

  25. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration diffuse synthetase large • This creates a build-up of hydrogen ions which will _____________ through the ATP _____________ pump, producing __________ amounts of ATP

  26. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration chemiosmosis • As the diffusion of water is called osmosis, the diffusion of chemicals, like H+, is called ___________________

  27. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration O2 H2O • The last molecule in the electron transport chain to receive an electron is oxygen gas _______. It binds with hydrogen ions to make _________

  28. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration oxygen blocked • Without ___________, the electron transport chain cannot pass along electrons and it easily gets _________ or clogged up

  29. Chapter 5 Section 3 Cellular Respiration stop ATP • This is why oxygen is so essential for most organisms…without it the electron transport chain will _____ working and _____ will no longer be produced

  30. oxidative • The process of making large amounts of ATP in the electron transport chain is called ______________ ______________________ • Oxidation results when ___________ are lost or donated to other molecules • Electrons are _________ from molecule to molecule in the electron transport chain • Phosphorylation occurs when a ____________ group is added to a molecule • Phosphates are added to _____ phosphorylation electrons passed phosphate ADP

  31. 2 • Summary of ATP made during cellular respiration • Glycolysis = ____ ATP • Krebs Cycle = ____ ATP • Electron Transport Chain = ____ ATP to ___ ATP • Total… = ____ ATP to ___ ATP 2 32 34 36 38

  32. Question 1 • What substance is broken down during cellular respiration? • CO2 (carbon dioxide) • H2O (water) • O2 (oxygen) • C6H12O6 (glucose)

  33. Question 2 • Why must glucose be converted to 2 pyruvates in the cytoplasm, before these molecules cross through the mitochondrial membranes? Glucose is too big to diffuse across the membranes

  34. Question 3 • What is the first compound made during the Krebs cycle? • Oxaloacetic acid • Citric acid • Acetyl CoA • pyruvate

  35. Question 4 • Which energy storing compound is not made during the Krebs cycle? • ATP • NADH • NADPH • FADH2

  36. Question 5 • Which molecule is necessary to prevent the electron transport chain from becoming clogged or backed up? • CO2 (carbon dioxide) • H2O (water) • O2 (oxygen) • C6H12O6 (glucose)

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