Chapter 23 Sect 1 Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality

1. Chapter 23 Sect 1Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality Preview: Does every individual have a responsibility to follow the unwritten rules of society?

2. The Latino Presence Grows • 1960s Latino population grows from 3 million to 9 million • Mexican Americans – 1miilion came in 1910’s following the Mexican Revolution, some came in the 1940’s and 1950’s as braceros • Mexican Americans largest group, mostly in SW Calif. • Puerto Ricans began immigrating after the Spanish American War of 1898. • By 1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans settle in U.S., mostly in NYC (½) • Cubans flee communism after 1959, form communities in NYC, Miami, NJ • 1960’s Central Americans, South Americans and Colombians come to escape civil war, poverty • Many Latinos encounter prejudice, discrimination in jobs, housing. Living in barrios

3. Latinos Fight for Change The Farm Worker Movement Cultural Pride In the 1960’s the Chicano Movement took off Brown Power” and the “Brown Berets” Puerto Ricans, Chicanos demand cultural recognition, better schools 1968 Bilingual Education Act funds bilingual, cultural programs at universities Brown Berets organize walkouts in East LA high schools • 1966 César Chávezhelps form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee • Believed in non-violence in dealing with California’s large fruit and vegetable companies • 1965 grape growers do not recognize union; Chávez sets up boycott • 1970 co-founder Dolores Huerta negotiates contract

4. Political Power • Latinos organize, help elect Latino candidates from major parties -during the 1960’s eight Hispanic Americans served in the House and one was elected to the Senate • League of United Latin American Citizens works for rights since 1929 -fought in the courts for school desegregation and government funding La RazaUnidaworks on independent, Latino political movement • - runs Latino candidates, wins in local races • ReiesTijerina confronts government over farmers’ rights in NM

5. Native Americans Struggle for Equality Native Americans Seek Greater Autonomy In 1961 reps from 61 tribes drafted the Declaration of Indian Purpose In 1968 LBJ established the National Council on Indian Opportunity Voices of Protest In 1968 the AIM (American Indian Movement) was formed to demand lands, burial grounds, fishing/ timber rights, and a respect of their culture • Many Native Americans cling to their culture, refuse assimilation • Native Americans poorest group, suffered the highest unemployment rates, alcoholism, infant mortality rates and suicides • Termination policy relocates, does not solve problems • Native Americans call for economic opportunities on reservations

6. Confronting the Government “Red Power” • In 1972, AIM(American Indian Movement) leader Russell Meads organized “The Trail of Broken Treaties” march on DC; protest treaty violations, seek: - restoration of land - end of Bureau of Indian Affairs; occupy it, destroy property • In 1973, the AIM led 200 Sioux to occupy Wounded Knee, SD where a massacre of Sioux had occurred in 1890 • After negotiations a shootout with the FBI left 2 dead, and many wounded

8. Native American Victories • In 1970 the Taos of NM regained sacred Blue Lake Land • In 1971 the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act gave 40million acres and $962 million • In 1975 Congress passed the Indian-Self-Determination and Education Act which gave tribes control to govern their own affairs including education • Political Representation improved by working through the system (Ex. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell)

9. The Asian American Movement • In 1968 the Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA) was founded at Berkley which unified Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Filipino activists • Protested the Vietnam War and racism directed at Asians • 1969 “Shut it Down” strikes at Berkley • “Yellow Power” Conference to learn of Asian American history and destiny • 1968 San Francisco’s Chinatown Grievances (Housing and Medicine) • Japanese American Citizens League brought forth the issue of internment