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Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport

Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport. Locus of Control Difference Fundamental Attribution Error Instinct v. Culture Intelligence v. Internalization. Psychology of Sport. Study in terms of attributes and processes that exist inside the individual

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Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport

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  1. Sociology of Sport V. Psychology of Sport • Locus of Control Difference • Fundamental Attribution Error • Instinct v. Culture • Intelligence v. Internalization

  2. Psychology of Sport • Study in terms of attributes and processes that exist inside the individual • Focus on motivation, cognition, self-esteem, and personality • Sample research question: • How is the motivation of athletes related to their athletic success?

  3. Sociology of Sport • Sociologists study sport in terms of the social conditions that surround and are outside the individual athlete • Focus on relations, culture, social class, sexuality, and ethnicity • Sample research question: • how do the prevailing cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity affect the success of athletes?

  4. Why Resistance to the Sociology of Sport? • Too Complex • Easier to change individual athletes • Easier to change the way athletes deal with external conditions • Requires a change in the external conditions of athletes lives • Personally Troubling • Coaches and parents view changes as causing trouble • Changing the way coaches exercise power and control over athletes requires coaches to make personal changes • Requires a change in the external conditions of athletes lives

  5. Why Apply the Sociology of Sport? • Think Critically • Understand social problems of athletes and the social issues associated with sport • Beyond Physical Performance • See beyond the score and see how sport affects the way people feel, think, and live their lives • Informed Choices • Learning about sociology of sport will help you make intelligent choices about your own participation • Transforming Sport • Making schools and communities more inclusive through sports

  6. Why study Sociology of Sport? • Sport is related to all aspects of a society • Learning about the sociology of sport teaches about the society • Ideology – a combination of ideal, beliefs and attitudes • Dominant ideology – the combination promoted by the dominant and powerful groups of a society

  7. Gender Ideology • Sports first developed around an ideology of gender • A gender logic that existed in the dominant culture • Gender logic worked to the advantage of men • Gender logic was referred to a common sense • The basic tenet of gender logic: • Women are naturally inferior to men! • In strength • Physical skill • Emotional control • Intelligence

  8. Gender Ideology (2) • The dominant ideology led to a sport vocabulary supporting the gender logic • Correct throw ( like a man) • Incorrect throw (like a girl) • Coaches use the logic to motivate players • “you are playing like a bunch of girls.” • Gender logic serves to privilege boys • Gender logic creates discrimination against girls in sport • The gender logic has also spilled over into all social life • politics • business • There is also race logic, class logic, and character logic

  9. Sport and Family • Sport has major impacts of family life • Millions of children are involved in sport • Parents organize, coach, attend games and drive children to events • Changing patterns of youth involvement in sport result in changing patterns of family life

  10. Sport and the Economy • The economies of most countries are affected heavily by sport participation • Tax dollars are used to contribute to the success of sport in communities and most countries • Per capita income at the end of the 20th century was about $4000, but some athletes were making $30 million per year in salary

  11. Sport and Politics • Sport is link to national pride • Politicians promote themselves by association with sport teams and players • Athletes are frequently elected to political office on the basis of athletic participation • Jack Kemp • Steve Largent

  12. Sport and Education • Sport teams in High Schools usually attract more attention than academic events • Sport are the most prominent representative of colleges • The success or failure of the institution is sometimes connected to success in sport

  13. Sport and Religion • Religious rituals are increasingly used in sport participation in the USA • Large nondenominational organizations have been created for the purpose of converting young athletes to a religious ideology (Christian Athletes) • Churches sponsor athletic events • Churches alter schedules to accommodate sporting events

  14. Sociology of Sport Theory • The basic tenets of Functionalism • Social order is based on consensus and shared values • Consensus about shared values is what holds society together, reducing conflict • All social systems tend toward a state of balance and equilibrium

  15. Functionalism’s Main Social Concern • Functionalism is concerned with how social systems (like Sport) contribute to the needs of the society • How does sport contribute to the smooth operation of society?

  16. Functionalism and the Study of Sport • How does sport fit into the social life and contribute to social stability? • How does sport participation influence personal development?

  17. Functionalism’s Perception of Sport • Sport is a valuable social institution that benefits society and individuals • Sport is a source of inspiration on both the personal and social levels of society

  18. The Policy Implication of Functionalism • Develop and expand sport programs that will promote traditional values • Expand programs that promote positive character development • Expand programs that contribute to the stability of society

  19. Criticisms of Functionalist Theory • Overstates the positive consequences • Overlooks the negative • Ignores the unequal participation rates for all sports • Ignores the social construction of sport in society • Ignores the diversity in sport • Ignores the extent to which sport promotes the interest of wealth and power

  20. Conflict Theory and Sport • The basic tenets of Conflict Theory are: • Social order is based on coercion and exploitation, not consensus • Order is the result of economic power and the use of economic power to exploit labor • Social class shapes the social structure of society and the social relationships in society

  21. Conflict Theory’s Major Social Concerns • How is economic power distributed and used in society? • What are the dynamics of social class relations? • Who is privileged and exploited in class relations?

  22. Conflict Theory and the Study of Sport • How does sport reflect class relations? • How is sport used to maintain the interests of those with power and wealth in society? • How has the profit motive distorted sport?

  23. Conflict Theory and the Perception of Sport • Sport is a form of physical activity that is distorted by the needs of capital. • Sport is an opiate that distracts attention away from the social problems created by economic exploitation.

  24. The Policy Implication of Conflict Theory • Eliminate the profit motive in sport • Equalized participation through program expansion and participation • Allow the participation in sport to be a source of physical well-being

  25. Criticism of Conflict Theory • Overstates the influence of economic interests • Assumes that those with economic wealth shape sports to meet economic interests • Ignores sport as a liberating experience

  26. Critical Theory and Sport • The basic tenets of Critical Theory are: • Social order is negotiated through struggles over ideology and power • Social life is full of diversity, complexity, and contradictions

  27. Critical Theory’s Major Social Concerns • How is cultural ideology produced, reproduced, and transformed? • What are the conflicts and problems that affect the lives of those who lack power in society?

  28. Critical Theory and Sport • How are power relations reproduced and/or resisted in and through sport? • Whose voices are and are not represented in the narratives and images that constitute sport?

  29. Critical Theory and the Perception of Sport • Sports are social constructions • Sports are sites where culture is produced, reproduced, and transformed • Sports are cultural practices that repress and/or empower people

  30. The Policy Implication of Critical Theory • Use sports as sites for challenging and transforming forms exploitation and oppression • Increase the range and diversity of sport participation • Challenge the voices and perspectives of those with power in sport

  31. Criticisms of Critical Theory • No way to identify forms of resistance • No strategy of dealing with problems, conflicts, and injustice in sports

  32. Feminist Theory and Sport • The basic tenets of Feminist Theory are: • Social order is based primarily on the values, experiences, and interests of men with power • Social life and social order are gendered

  33. Feminist Theory and the Study of Sport • How are sports gendered activities? • How do sports reproduce the dominant gender logic of society? • What are the strategies for resisting and transforming sport forms that privilege men?

  34. The Policy Implications of Feminist Theory • Use sports as sites for challenging and transforming oppressive forms of gender relations • Expose and resist all expressions of homophobia and misogyny (hatred of women) in sport • Transform sports to emphasize partnerships over competition and domination

  35. Criticisms of Feminist Theory • No way to identify forms of resistance • No attention to gender and other categories of experience (i.e. childhood games and play)

  36. Interaction Theory and Sport • The basic tenet of Interaction Theory is: • Social order is created from the bottom up through intentional interaction

  37. Interaction Theory’s Major Social Concerns • How are meanings, identities, and culture created through social interaction? • How do people become involved in sports, become defined as athletes, and move out of sports into the rest of their lives?

  38. Interaction Theory and the Perception of Sport • Sports are forms of culture created through social interaction. • Sport participation is grounded in the decisions made by people in connection with their identities and their relationships.

  39. The Policy Implications of Interaction Theory • Allow individuals to shape sport to fit their social reality. • Make sport organization more democratic and less hierarchical. • Focus on the culture and organization of sport, rather than individual athletes when trying to control deviance in sport.

  40. Criticisms of the Interaction Theory of Sport • Fails to explain how the meaning of sport is connected to individual identity. • Ignores issues of social power in sport.

  41. Sport in Society: Studying the Past Issues & Controversies

  42. General Historical Issues • Physical activities and games have existed in nearly all cultures • There are decreasing contrasts between the games that different people play today • Decreasing contrasts are due to cultural diffusion and the power and influence of sponsoring corporations

  43. Historical & Cultural Variations Variations exist because: • Sports are cultural practices that can serve a variety of social purposes • Sports are created within the constraints of the social world

  44. Ancient Greece Sports were: • Grounded in mythology • Linked with religious beliefs • Characterized by: • Gender exclusion • Frequent violence • Absence of administrative structures • Absence of measurements & record keeping

  45. Roman Contests and Games • Emphasized spectacle, combat, and the power of political leaders • Characterized by • Diversions for the masses • Exclusion of women as athletes • Absence of quantification and record keeping

  46. Medieval Europe • Folk games played by peasants • Tournaments played by elite for purposes of military readiness • Gender restrictions grounded in religious dogma and beliefs • Games lacked specialization and organization

  47. Renaissance, Reformation, & Enlightenment • Increasing control over peasants • Lives of many were restricted by labor • Calvinist and Puritan beliefs did not promote any forms of leisure • Games constituted diversions for people

  48. Characteristics of Play • Individual effort is separate from others • Action and behavior are free and spontaneous • Uncertainty is a dominant feature • Without “fixed” rules and no time limit on play

  49. Characteristics of Game • Competition is a key factor in involvement • Outcome determined by physical or mental skill, but strategy and chance have a large role • Time is not a relevant factor in involvement

  50. Characteristics of Sport • Activity is ritualized, with spontaneity diminished • Formal rules, structure of roles, and time limitations • Individual liability and responsibility for behavior and outcome • Outcome extends beyond the bounds of the activity • Individual time is required for practice and mastery

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