Middle East Review

1. Middle East Review

2. What body of water is sometimes referred to as the “oil highway of the world” because it is bordered by so many oil exporting nations? Persian Gulf 2. Name two Arab countries that border Israel: • Jordan, Lebanon, Syria

3. Egypt seized control of the Suez • Canal • From Britain, France and Israel • Britain, France & Israel invaded • Suez Canal Zone but they were • Urged to withdraw

4. Israel surprise attacked Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria Israel almost doubled their Territory when they gained control of the old city of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan Heights, & West Bank.

5. Coalition of Arab States Led by Egypt and Syria Against Israel Sneak attack on holiest day -gained back territory, but then Israel Regained most of it back before they Finally had a truce

6. 6. How did the US respond to the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR? • Imposed economic sanctions, boycotted the 1980 Olympics, provided the Mujahideen (resistance fighters) aid 7. Name the three Arab territories captured by Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967: Sinai Peninsula Golan Heights West Bank

7. 8. What is the name of the organization that has represented Arab Palestinian interests throughout most of the past 60 years? PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization 9. Why did Israel attack its Arab neighbors to start the Six-Day War? as a preemptive strike against them

8. 10. Why has the Israeli military proven to be so successful? Aid from the US, also mandatory to join army 11. Who was Yasir Arafat? leader of PLO 12. What Israeli government policy has led to resistance by radical Israelis? government wants to withdraw from the conquered areas and radicals do not

9. 13. How had the PLO stance in regard to Israel changed from the late 1980s to the early 1990s? they have denounced terrorism as a means of accomplishing their goal, they recognize Israel but they still want Palestinian land and for Israel to withdraw from the agreed upon areas 14. What is an intifada? Palestinian Protests and uprisings

10. 15. How has dependence on foreign oil involved the U.S. in the Middle East? It has encouraged us to get involved in situations we most likely wouldn’t get involved with in order to be sure we don’t lose our oil supply. 16. What does O.P.E.C. stand for and what is its purpose? Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies: Organization of oil producers (cartel) that attempts to regulate the prices, marketing, and production of oil to benefit its member nations.

11. 17. Why did Middle Eastern members of O.P.E.C. place an oil embargo on the U.S. in 1973? • Because they were angry that the US supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War 18. Explain the results of the Camp David Accords and what is meant by “Land for Peace” • Greatest accomplishment for Carter when he brought Egypt and Israel together. Egypt agreed to recognize Israel and Israel agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula (a territorial gain) to Egypt; hence “land for peace”

12. 19. List the reasons Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990: • Bankrupt (owed money to Kuwait from Iran/Iraq War, considered Kuwait a province, slant drilling 20. Explain the difference between Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm: • Desert Shield was to keep Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, Desert Storm was to get them out of Kuwait 21. List three reasons for U.N. and U.S. intervention in Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait: • Violation of Kuwait’s Sovereignty, Support for Saudi Arabia (our ally and major oil supplier, human rights abuses, biochemical weapons and a nuclear weapons development program

13. 22. Why was it so important to keep Israel from retaliating against Iraq’s missile attacks during the Persian Gulf War? • Because it would upset the other Arab nations that were in our coalition against Iraq 23. What was the controversy concerning the “highway of death” attacks at the end of the Persian Gulf War? • disproportionate force when Iraqis were already retreating.

14. 24. List the reasons for President George H. W. Bush’s decision to allow Saddam Hussein to remain in power following the Persian Gulf War: • Beyond UN Mandate, Coalition would have lost members, Would have required a long term occupation of Iraq ** 25. Why was the Persian Gulf war a “feel good” war for the U.S.? It was quick with few American casualties.

15. 26. What two lessons did terrorists learn from the 1972 Munich Olympic attack? • Learned importance of targets to get world’s attention (Olympics) 2. Learned the power that comes of picking the proper symbols (athletes during a world gathering)

16. Al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden Complete the following regarding 9/11: • Americans, via the World Trade Center & the Pentagon • President Bush declared a “War on Terror” • We eventually entered Iraq and Afghanistan to weed out terrorists

17. 28. Why has the U.S. government become increasingly concerned about terrorism? Because it has begun to reach a larger target base. They not only want attention now, they want more dead. 29. What has been the rising motivation for terrorism in the last decade? Religion

18. 30. What is meant by the term “Arab Spring”? • A time period when there was a wave of protests (violent and nonviolent) in the Arab world, beginning in 2010 31. Why has U.S. policy been inconsistent in regard to the various nations involved in the “Arab Spring”? • because depending on our “need” from each country, we have different rules that apply

19. 32. What is “political Islam”? Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life 33. Other than 9-11, list two attacks against the U.S. carried out by Middle Eastern terrorists: • Lockerbie, Discotec, Munich Olympics,

20. 34. What is the Taliban? ISLAMIST NATIONALIST MOVEMENT THAT RULED MOST OF AFGHANISTAN FROM 1996 UNTIL 2001 35. What is al-Qaeda? INTERNATIONAL ALLIANCE OF ISLAMIC TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS FOUNDED IN 1988 & LED BY OSAMA BIN LADEN

21. 36. What were President George W. Bush’s two goals for the U.S. war on terrorism? Bring Enemies to justice, spread freedom 36. List three things President George W. Bush did in response to the 9-11 attack: Declared War on Terror (Operation Enduring Freedom), Established the Department of Homeland Security, passed the Patriot Act

22. 37. Osama bin Laden escaped to and was eventually killed in what country that borders Afghanistan? • Killed in Pakistan 5/2/11 38. List two things the Patriot Act permits the U.S. government to do to fight terrorism: - SEARCH TELEPHONE, E-MAIL, MEDICAL & FINANCIAL RECORDS - DETAIN AND DEPORT IMMIGRANTS SUSPECTED OF TERRORISM - REGULATE FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS INVOLVING FOREIGN INDIVIDUALS

23. 39. Why did President George W. Bush invade Iraq in 2003? -SUSPECTED IRAQ OF PRODUCING WMDS: WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (NONE FOUND) -CLAIMED IRAQ SUPPORTED AL-QAEDA & PALESTINIAN SUICIDE BOMBERS -IRAQI HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES -SPREAD DEMOCRACY TO IRAQ 40. What is the connection between Guantanamo Bay, Cuba and the war on terror? • Guantanamo is where they detain prisoners (approx. 750) and have been accused of holding them without charges, torture, humiliation and general mistreatment.