Changing States of Matter

1. Changing States of Matter

2. Concept Map

3. 5 States of Matter 3 Most Common States of Matter on Earth • Solids: Definite Shape and volume • Liquids: No definite shape but have a definite volume • Gases: No definite shape or volume. Uncommon States of Matter on Earth • Plasma • Bose-Einstein Condensates

4. Solids Two types of solids • Crystalline solids-also called true solids. Have a lattice structure. Most common. • Amorphous solids-no specific melting point • Solids have tightly packed (contracted) particles that are always vibrating slowly

5. Liquids • Liquids move a little faster than solids and their particles slide (expanding )with each other at this state. • Liquids have viscosity, the resistance to flow so the slower the liquid flows the more viscosity.

6. Gases • Gases are particles with high average kinetic energy. • Particles are no longer in constant contact (expanded). They collide and bounce off each other • The space between particles allows them to be compressed.

7. Plasma • Plasmas have very high energy • Electrons separate from the atoms and become ionized. “Free electrons.” • No definite shape or volume, move as one particle. • Most common state of matter in the universe

8. Bose-Einstein Condensates •  Just a fraction above absolute zero (0 Kelvin) and only for some elements – a BEC occurs. • The atoms start behaving like little waves and start overlapping one another until they eventually act like one wave and essentially become a superatom. • They are not bonded or mixed – they have become indistinguishable from one another, having the same qualities and existing in the same place. Bose-Einstein Condensates

9. Heat and Temperature • Heat is the amount of thermal energy. • Latent heat is the amount of heat needed to change from one state of matter to another. • Heat is measured in Joules • Temperature is the average amount of kinetic energy of the particles in a substance • Temperature is measured in Celsius or Kelvin

10. Heating Curve of Water

11. Changes in Heat • Latent Heat of Fusion is the amount of heat needed to break the bonds of a solid and turn it to a liquid. • Latent Heat of Vaporization is the amount of heat needed to move a liquid to a gas

12. Phase Changes When Energy is increased… • Solid to Liquid-melting or Fusion • Liquid to gas-vaporization(boiling from bottom or evaporation from surface) • Gas to plasma-ionization • Solid to gas-sublimation Sublimation of Iodine

13. Phase Changes When energy decreases… • Gas to liquid-condensation • Liquid to solid-freezing • Gas to solid-deposition • Plasma to gas-recombination or deionization

14. Phase Change diagram

15. Pressure and Temperature Lowering or increasing the pressure changes the temperature at which phase changes occur. • 1 atmosphere is STP (standard temp and pressure). 101 kPa and 760mmHg (millimeters of Mercury) are equivalent measurements. • When you lower the pressure you lower the temperature at which a phase change will occur • When you increase the pressure you in increase the temperature at which a phase change will occur

16. Phase Diagram Extras • The Triple Point is when there is equilibrium and all solid, liquid and gas all exist at the same temp and pressure at the same time • Critical points are where two phases merge into a single phase and are identical-exist as gases