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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Religion. * Religions come from elements of the physical environment. Religions modify the landscape. Things to know about religions: People care deeply about their religion Some religions are designed to appeal to all people Religious values are important to understand people

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Religion

  2. * Religions come from elements of the physical environment. • Religions modify the landscape. • Things to know about religions: • People care deeply about their religion • Some religions are designed to appeal to all people • Religious values are important to understand people • Most religions require exclusive adherence • People take their religion with them when they move

  3. Where are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions: attempt to appeal to all people all over the world. • Ethnic Religion: appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place.

  4. Where are Religions Distributed? • Universalizing religions • Christianity • Islam • Buddhism • Each is divided into a branch, a denomination, and a sect.

  5. Where are Religions Distributed? • Branch • A large and fundamental division of a religion • Denomination • A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body • Sect • a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

  6. Where are Religions Distributed? • Christianity • 2 billion adherents, more than any other religion • Branches of Christianity • Roman Catholic • Protestant • Eastern Orthodox

  7. Where are Religions Distributed? • Christianity in the Western Hemisphere • North America 90 percent of people are Christian • 93% of Latin America is Catholic • 29% of North America is Catholic • Baptists are the largest protestant group in the U.S. • Other protestant groups are Methodist, Pentecostal, and Lutheran

  8. Where are Religions Distributed? • Smaller branches of Christianity • Coptic Church of Egypt and the Ethiopian Church • The Armenian Church • Maronites • Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

  9. Where are Religions Distributed? • Islam • Religion of 1.3 billion people on Earth • Islam has five pillars of faith • Branches of Islam • Sunni – 83% of Muslims • Shiite • Islam in North America and Europe • 5% of Europe’s population • 5 million Muslims in the U.S. and Canada

  10. Where are Religions Distributed? • Buddhism • 400 million adherents around the world • Has the Four Noble Truths • Branches of Buddhism • Mahayana • Theravada • Tantrayana • Buddhists are hard to classify because Buddhism is not an exclusive religion.

  11. Where are Religions Distributed? • Other Universalizing Religions • Sikhism • Baha’i

  12. Where are Religions Distributed? • Ethnic Religions • Hinduism • Third largest Religion on Earth • India • No central authority or holy book • Vishnu, Krishna, Siva, Shakti

  13. Where are Religions Distributed? • Other Ethnic Religions • Confucianism • Teachings of Confucius • Rooted in the traditional values of China • Daoism (Taoism) • Dao cannot be comprehended • Shintoism • Ethnic religion of Japan • Judaism • Believe in one all-powerful god • Ethnic African Religions • Animists

  14. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of Religions • Christianity • Teachings of Jesus • Four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John • Jesus died on the cross • Catholicism • Headed by the Pope • Eastern Orthodoxy • Split from Roman Catholics in 1054 • Protestantism • The reformation headed by Martin Luther

  15. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of Islam • Based on the same story as Judaism and Protestantism. • Muslims believe in Abraham’s second wife and son • One of Isaac’s descendents was Muhammed. • Muhammed was a prophet of god • Islam split • Shiites and Sunnis disagree over the line of succession in Islamic leadership • Uthman was Caliph. After his assassination, Ali became Caliph. Shiites support Ali.

  16. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of Buddhism • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563 BC) • Siddhartha had been a rich kid. • Siddhartha became the “Buddha” and spent the next 45 years preaching • Mahayana vs. Theravada

  17. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of other Universalizing Religions • Sikhism • Founded by Guru Nanak about 500 years ago • The Holy Granth of Enlightenment • Baha’i • Established in Iran in the 19th century • Execution in 1850 • Baha’u’llah the prophet of Baha’i

  18. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Origin of Hinduism, an ethnic religion • No founder • Existed prior to recorded history • Earliest documents were written about 1500 B.C.

  19. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Diffusion of Religions • Diffusion of Christianity • Relocation Diffusion: Missionaries • Contagious Diffusion: Holy Roman Empire • Hierarchical Diffusion: Emperor Constantine • Expansion Diffusion: Europeans moving

  20. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Diffusion of Islam • Expansion Diffusion: Conquering armies • Relocation Diffusion: Missionaries • Contagious Diffusion: Traders to Indonesia

  21. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Diffusion of Buddhism • Hierarchical Diffusion: Asoka • Relocation Diffusion: Missionaries • Contagious Diffusion: Traders to China,then to Korea, then to Japan

  22. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Diffusion of other Universalizing religions • Baha’i • Contagious Diffusion: a temple on every continent • Sikhism • Relocation Diffusion: the division of Punjab

  23. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Lack of Diffusion of Ethnic Religions • Lack missionaries to carry the message • Mingling of Ethnic and Universalizing Religions • Africa merging ethnic religions and Christianity • Buddhism and Shinto in Japan • Mauritius has three religions Hindu, Islam, and Christianity. All brought there by others.

  24. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Diffusion of Judaism, an exception • Practiced in many places • Disporia or Dispersion by the Romans • Most Jews migrated to Europe • Ghettos • WWII

  25. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Holy Places • Different meanings for universal and ethnic religions • Pilgrimage: making a trip to a holy site

  26. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Holy Places in Universalizing Religions • Buddhist Shrines • Lumbini in Southern Nepal, Bodh Gaya, Deer Park in Sarnath, Kusinagara, Sravasti, Samkasya, Rajagrha, Vaisali • Holy places in Islam • Mecca home to Al—Ka’ba, the Great Mosque • Medina home to muhammand’s tomb • Holy places in Sikhism • Darbar Sahib – the Golden Temple

  27. Lumbini in Nepal Bodh Gaya Deer Park in Sarnath

  28. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Holy Places in Ethnic Religions • Holy Places in Hinduism • Riverbanks and Coastlines • The Ganges

  29. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Cosmogony in Ethnic Religions • Cosmogony is a set of religious beliefs about the origin of the universe. • Confucianism – Yin and Yang • Christianity and Islam – God created everything • Christianity and Islam and man’s purpose • Animists – God is mystical

  30. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • The Calendar • The Calendar in Ethnic religions • More clustered distribution • Celebrations of the seasons • Rituals • Sacred moments

  31. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • The Jewish Calendar • Based on agriculture • Rosh Hashanah • Yom Kippur • Sukkot • Pesach (passover) • Shavout • Lunar rather than solar calendar

  32. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • The Solstice • Winter • Summer

  33. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • The Calendar in Universalizing Religions • Islamic calendar • Lunar calendar • Ramadan • Baha’i calendar • 19 months of 19 days • A feast is held on the first day of each month

  34. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? • Christian holidays • Easter • Christmas • Buddhist holidays • Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death • Sikh holidays • Births and deaths of the ten gurus. • Day of installing the Holy Granth

  35. Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? • Places of Worship • Christian churches • Source of gathering • Often the largest, tallest building in a town • Important part of the religion • Church Architecture • Modeled after basilica • No single style of church has dominated • Building materials are often local

  36. Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? • Places of Worship in other Religions • Muslim Mosques • A gathering place to worship, not sanctified • Minaret • Hindu Temples • House shrines for gods not for congregation • Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas • Contain something belonging to Buddha • Not meant for congregation • Baha’i houses of worship • One on each continent. Open to everyone

  37. Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? • Sacred Space • Disposing of the Dead • Burial • Christian, Muslim, and Jewish tradition • Other methods • Cremation • Parsis (Zoroastrians) • Disposal at sea (Micronesia)

  38. Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? • Religious Settlements • Utopia • Place Names

  39. Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? • Administration of Space • A Hierarchical Religion has a well defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units. • Roman Catholic Hierarchy • Parishes make a Diocese. The diocese is watched by a Bishop. The Bishops report to an Archbishop. The archbishop heads a Province which is made of several diocese. The Archbishops report to the Pope who runs the show. • The latter-day saints • Wards and Stakes which get redrawn

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