Spread of Protestantism

1. Spread of Protestantism James Hyett& Andrew Dicker

2. Zwinglian Reformation • Ulrich Zwingli, preaching caused unrest, 1523 a public debate was held; Zwingli’s preaching finally declared the correct interpretation • “A church without the magistrate is mutilated and incomplete” • “The images are not to be endured; for all that God has forbidden, there can be no compromise” • Soon spread to other cities in Switzerland c. 1530

3. Anabaptists • Expelled from Zürich 1523, too frightening for Zwinglians • Beliefs: adult baptism, pacifism*, • Spread throughout southern Germany, Austrian Habsburg lands, Switzerland • Anabaptist uprising c. 1530s Münster, became hub of Melchiorite millenarianism (Münster is new Jerusalem, Armageddon at hand, drove out unbelievers; ultimately defeated)

4. Calvinism • John Calvin 1533 suffered religious crisis, had to flee Paris, to Basel (Switzerland) • Institutes of the Christian Religion published in 1536 • Ideas: very close to Luther, emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of god, predestination to be saved (caused late Calvinists to believe they were doing God’s Work) • Calvinism became the “militant international form of Protestantism

5. Henry VIII (Act of Supremacy) • Henry wanted to divorce his first wife, because she hadn’t given him a son; he had also fallen in love with Anne Boleyn • Henry dismissed his Rome-appointed cardinal, cut off all papal authority over England, making the king “taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” • Treason Act: making it punishable by death to deny that the king was the supreme head of the church

6. Presbytarianism • Based off of the ideas of Calvinism, and also the work of John Knox, who studied with Calvin and brought his work to Scotland • Very structured, court of elders, Books of Order, great importance in education and lifelong learning • Popular mostly on the British Isles (spread from Scotland)