The Fall of the Soviet Union: Key Events and Impact on U.S. Foreign Policy (1985-1991)

1. AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1985-90CHAPTER 33, Section 4 THE FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION & PROBLEMS IN THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

2. SECTION 4 QUIZ • WHO BECAME LEADER OF THE USSR IN 1985? • ___ WAS THE RUSSIAN WORD FOR OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS. • WHEN THE USSR COLLAPSED IN 1991, IT TURNED INTO A FEDERATION OF SMALLER NATIONS KNOWN AS ___. • THE COMMUNISTS WHO SEIZED CONTROL OF NICARAGUA IN 1979 WERE KNOWN AS THE ___. • THE 1991 U.S.-LED ATTACK ON IRAQI FORCES IN KUWAIT WAS CODENAMED ___.

3. IMPORTANT TERMS • MIKHAIL GORBACHEV • I.N.F. TREATY • GLASNOST • PERESTROIKA • COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES • TIANANMEN SQUARE • SANDINISTA • CONTRAS • OPERATION DESERT STORM

4. Section 4 Quiz • DEFINE: • Commonwealth of Independent States • Perestroika • I.N.F. Treaty • Tiananmen Square Massacre • Operation Desert Storm

5. IMPORTANT DATES • 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES LEADER OF USSR • 1989: • APRIL: TIANANMEN SQUARE MASSACRE • NOVEMBER: BERLIN WALL OPENED • DECEMBER: U.S. INVADES PANAMA • 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT • 1991: • JANUARY: OPERATION DESERT STORM • DECEMBER: COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES CREATED – FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION

11. OPERATION DESERT STORM • SUMMER, 1990: IRAQ INVADES KUWAIT • WHY? • SADDAM HUSSEIN, DICTATOR OF IRAQ, ORDERS INVASION • IRAQ CLAIMS KUWAIT HAS BEEN “SLANT DRILLING” UNDER THEIR BORDER FOR OIL • HUSSEIN WANTS KUWAITI OIL RESERVES & MONEY FROM KUWAIT • IRAQI INVASION IS BRUTAL • U.S. PRES. GEORGE BUSH, Sr. PRESSES U.N. TO ACT • U.N. ORDERS IRAQ OUT OF KUWAIT; IRAQIS REFUSE • U.N. (led by U.S.) SEND MILITARY FORCES TO SAUDI ARABIA (OPERATION DESERT SHIELD) • WHY? PREPARE FOR ATTACK ON IRAQIS

12. OPERATION DESERT STORM (cont’d.) • JANUARY, 1991: • U.S. – LED FORCES ATTACK IRAQIS FROMBASES IN SAUDI ARABIA • MASSIVE AERIAL BOMBING CAMPAIGN BEGINS ASSAULT • MASSIVE GROUND ASSAULT (mostly U.S., some British) FOLLOWS • IRAQI CASUALTIES ARE VERY HIGH • IRAQIS PUSHED OUT OF KUWAIT / KUWAIT LIBERATED

13. OPERATION DESERT STORM

15. DESERT STORM BATTLE PLAN

20. CHANGE IN THE U.S.S.R. • 1985: MIKHAIL GORBACHEV BECOMES SOVIET LEADER • EFFECT? • GORBACHEV WANTS TO IMPROVE RELATIONSHIP W/ THE WEST (U.S.A.) • TWO BASIC IDEAS: • GLASNOST– OPENNESS IN DISCUSSING SOCIAL PROBLEMS • PERESTROIKA– RESTRUCTURING OF THE SOVIET GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY • EXAMPLE? GORBACHEV ALLOWS… • FREE ELECTIONS • FREEDOM OF THE PRESS • LIMITED PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF LAND

21. MIKHAIL GORBACHEV, SOVIET LEADER, 1985-91

22. NEW YORK TIMES HEADLINE, 1985, ANNOUNCING GORBACHEV’s MOVE INTO POWER

23. CHANGES IN THE U.S.S.R. • OTHER ACTIONS: • 1987: SIGNED I.N.F. (INTERMEDIATE RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES) TREATY W/ U.S. • DID WHAT? • REDUCED # OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS EITHER SIDE HAD • ALLOWED EITHER SIDE TO INSPECT THE OTHER’S NUCLEAR STOCKPILES • FALL OF THE SOVIET UNION: • NEW FREEDOMS LEAD TO MORE NATIONALISM IN NON-RUSSIAN SOVIET REPUBLICS • MANY BEGIN TO DELCARE INDPENDENCE • 1991: • GORBACHEV RESIGNS AS SOVIET PRESIDENT • 14 NON-RUSSIAN REPUBLICS DECLARE INDEPENDENCE • RESULT? 1991: U.S.S.R. OFFICALLY ENDS • COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (C.I.S.) TAKES IT’S PLACE

24. GORBACHEV and REAGAN, 1986

25. REAGAN, GEORGE BUSH, Sr. and GORBACHEV; NEW YORK CITY

26. GORBACHEV VISITS NYC, 1986

27. REAGAN & GORBACHEV IN FRONT OF ST. BASIL’s CATHEDRAL, THE KREMLIN, RED SQUARE, MOSCOW

28. TIME “Man Of The Year” Cover, 1986

29. U.S.S.R., Before 1991

31. CARTOON: THE SINKING OF THE USSR, 1991

32. DIVISIONS IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD • 1988: GORBACHEV TELLS E. EUROPEAN SATELLITE NATIONS TO BEGIN CREATING MORE DEMOCRACTIC GOVERNMENTS • THEY DO: EXAMPLE? • POLAND ESTABLISHES A NON-COMMUNIST, DEMOCRATIC GOV’T. • POLAND’S ECONOMY BECOMES CAPITALIST • 1989: EAST GERMANY OPENS THE BERLIN WALL • 1990: GERMANY RE-UNITED • RESULT? • SOVIET-DOMINATED E.EUROPE ENDS • THE IRON CURTAIN FALLS

35. Distmantling of The Berlin Wall

36. TIME Magazine “Man of The Decade” Cover, January, 1990

37. CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS • SEE MAP, P.999 FOR DETAILS • CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN: Always important for U.S. foreign policy / security since early 20th Century • WHY? • Location • Resources: Sugar, fruits, minerals, tobacco • EXAMPLE? • Location: Panama – Panama Canal • Resources: Cuba – Tobacco, Sugar • SO WHAT? U.S. Gov’t, Military, & businesses had a large presence there

39. C. AMERICA & CARIBBEAN PROBLEMS • WHY WOULD THE U.S. BE CONCERNED IF IT’S INFLUENCE IN THAT REGION WAS THREATENED? • HISTORY OF U.S. INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA: • Examples? • 1823: THE MONROE DOCTRINE • 1903: THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY • EXPLAIN • NEW PROBLEMS: • 1959: CASTRO’s TAKEOVER OF CUBA – THE COLD WAR RIVALRY ENTERS THE W. HEMISPHERE • 1970’s & 80’s: DRUG TRAFFICKING FROM S. AMERICA USES REGION TO FUNNEL DRUGS TO U.S.

40. THE COLD WAR & LATIN AMERICA • COLD WAR RIVALRY JUMPS INTO C. & SOUTH AMERICA • 1979: NICARAGUA CIVIL WAR ENDS: COMMUNIST REBELS WIN • “SANDINISTAS”- NICARAGUAN COMMUNISTS; AIDED BY SOVIETS & CUBANS • U.S. WORRIED “DOMINO THEORY” TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT IN LATIN AMERICA • RESPONSE: U.S. SUPPORTS ANTI-COMMUNIST GOV’Ts. & REBELS IN C. AMERICA • EXAMPLE? “CONTRAS” – ANTI-COMMUNIST GUERILLAS FIGHTING AGAINST SANDINISTAS

41. SANDINISTAS ON JUNGLE PATROL

42. DANIEL ORTEGA AUGUSTO SANDINO

43. DANIEL ORTEGA, PRESIDENT OF NICARAGUA & SANDINISTA LEADER

44. DANIEL ORTEGA & FIDEL CASTRO, 1980

45. SANDINISTAS IN COMBAT

46. U.S.- SUPPORTED “CONTRAS”

49. C. AMERICAN PROBLEMS (cont’d.) • PANAMA: DICTATOR, GEN. MANUEL NORIEGA • NORIEGA ALLOWS DRUG TRAFFICKERS (mostly Cocaine traffickers) TO USE PANAMA AS A TRANSIT POINT FOR DRUGS HEADED TO N. AMERICA • PROBLEM? YES • U.S. HAS TO REDUCE FLOW OF DRUG TO U.S. • SECURITY OF PANAMA CANAL A CONCERN • RESULT? • 1989: OPERATION JUST CAUSE: • U.S. MILITARY INVADES PANAMA • NORIEGA CAPTURED BY U.S., TRANSPORTED TO U.S. FOR PROSECUTION • NORIEGA CONVICTED OF DRUG SMUGGLING & IMPRISONED

50. U.S. ARMY AIRBORNE DROP, PANAMA, 1989