Chapter 6:

1. Chapter 6: A Strong Start for the Nation The War of 1812 Section 4: Pages: 210-215

2. The War of 1812 • THE PERILS OF WORLD TRADE: (210-211) • President Thomas Jefferson was furious at the pirates of the Barbary States of North Africa, demanded protection money from American ships that sailed through the Mediterranean Sea • The harassment by the pirates of the Barbary States convinced many Americans of the urgent need for a Powerful NAVY

3. The War of 1812 • THE PERILS OF WORLD TRADE: (210-211) • In 1807 Great Britain passed the Orders in Council, which forbade neutral vessels from trading with France or entering ports under French control. Napoleon reacted by threatening to seize all foreign ships that cooperated with the British Royal Navy • The United States was again caught in the deadly crossfirebetween the French and British

4. The War of 1812 • THE PERILS OF WORLD TRADE: (210-211) • The Chesapeake Incident: Facing a shortage of sailors the British, once again, practice Impressment, kidnapping sailors. • On June 22, the captain of the British ship HMS Leopard demanded the right to board the USS Chesapeake. He wanted to search for 4 supposed British deserters. • When the Chesapeake's’ Captain refused permission, the British opened fire, killing three US Sailors and wounding 18 others. The British then seized 4 sailors as deserters, three of whom were native-born Americans • The Chesapeake incident outraged the Americans. President Jefferson shared this outrage but wanted to maintain U.S. neutrality • In an effort at “peaceable coercion (use of force),” Jefferson urged Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807: this Act stopped shipments of food and other American products to all foreign ports

5. The War of 1812 • THE PERILS OF WORLD TRADE: (210-211) • The Embargo Act of 1807 angered US Merchants • From 1807-1808, the value of U.S. exports fell from $108 million to $22 million. While American farmers and merchants suffered, the U.S. Prime Minister in Paris reported, “Here (the effects) are not felt, and in England…it is forgotten.” • Public pressure finally led Congress to repeal the embargo in March 1809. • Congress than passed the Non-Intercourse Act, which prohibited U.S. Trade with Britain and France. • Like the Embargo Act, the Non-Intercourse Act, was unpopular and did little to resolve the conflicts with European powers

6. The War of 1812 • CONFRONTATION IN THE WEST (211) • Rapid western expansion fueled tensions between settlers and Native Americans • Tecumseh: he had become convinced that American Indians’ best hope for survival rested in a military alliance among the Indian Nations • Tecumseh urged Native Americans not to sell land to the settlers: “Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds, and the great sea?...Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?” • Tecumseh was seeking support among various Native American Nations: Cherokee, Choctaw and Creek. • General William Henry Harrison marshaled troops for an attack along the Tippecanoe River in the Indian Territory. On November 7, the Indians attacked the army camp • The Battle of Tippecanoe – ended in defeat for the Indians. When Tecumseh returned from the South, he saw his dream of a united confederation shattered

7. The War of 1812 • CONGRESS DECLARES WAR: (211-212) • The British supplied Tecumseh with weapons. A cry for war against Britain arose in Congress • War Hawks: Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun wanted WAR They called for an attack on Canada to end the British-American Indian Alliance. • To reduce tensions, the British repealed the Orders of Council in 1812. Before the news could reach the United States, however, president Madison, who had succeeded Jefferson in the election in 1809, asked for a declaration of war.

8. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 (212-215): • The United States was ill prepared for war: The Republican’s reluctance to levy taxes and their reduction of the military had left the army poorly equipped • The Navy, however, enjoyed the advantages of well-trained sailors and officers with a high morale

9. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 (212-215): • To reduce tensions between Britain and the United States, Britain repealed the Orders of Council, which forbade neutral vessels (American Vessels) from trading with France or entering ports under French control. • Before this news could reach the United States, however, President Madison, who had succeeded Jefferson as president asked for a declaration of WAR

10. The War of 1812 • CONGRESS DECLARES WAR: (211-212 • After some debate, both houses of Congress voted to support the declaration of war. • The vote was split almost exactly along sectional lines.Southerners and Westernerswant war and many people from the Middle Atlantic and Northeast, fearing British blockade of their coasts, opposed the declaration of war

11. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 (212-215): • The War’s first phase: • U.S. war strategy focused on the conquest of Canada • President Madison adopted a plan that called for a three-pronged attack on Montreal, the Niagara frontier, and the Detroit frontier – FAILED • The United States enjoyed more success in the war at sea. USS Constitution, destroyed several British ships. Achieved great success in the Great Lakes • Encouraged by these naval victories, General Harrison and his forces crossed into Canada. With some 3,000 troops, Harrison defeated the British and their American Indian Allies at the Battle of Thames – the British hold on the Norwest Territory was finally broken

12. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 (212-215): • The War’s second phase: (213) • British strategists planned to invade the United States from the north through Canada and from the south through New Orleans • On August 24, 1814, British forces struck Washington D.C. Within a day they had captured the city, burning major public buildings • They burn the White House - Dolley Madison, the President’s wife, escaped the White House before the British got there

13. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 (212-215): • The War’s second phase: (213) • Now, the British assembled about 7,500 troops to strike at New Orleans. When General Andrew Jackson arrived in New Orleans to lead the U.S. forces, he found that few preparations have been made to counter the British Attack • General Andrew Jackson is the reason why on January 8, 1815, the well-protected US troops easily won the Battle of New Orleans – the most decisive U.S. Victory in the war. Few Americans were killed but British casualties topped 2,000

14. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 • The End of the War: (215) • The fighting at New Orleans came after months of peace negotiations had already produced the Treaty Of Ghent: The treaty was signed by U.S. and British representatives in Belgium on December 24, 1814. • The Treaty of Ghent did not help either side gain much. It failed to solve the problems of impressment and trade embargoes.

15. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 • The End of the War: (215) • The War of 1812 was a turning point for the United States. It strengthened U.S. control over the Northwest Territory through the defeat of American Indians and the removal of their British allies • Peace between the United States and Britain started a life-long partnership

16. The War of 1812 • THE WAR OF 1812 • The End of the War: (215) • The war further divided the nation, too. • New England Federalists had bitterly opposed the war. So great was their discontent that some of them met in December of 1814 at Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss negotiating a separate peace with Britain. Some even suggested seceding from the Union • The majority at the Hartford Convention voted against secession, suggesting instead that the Federalists push for a constitutional amendment to limit the powers of Congress and the Southern States • In the wake of the Treaty of Ghent, the Hartford Convention appeared treasonous. The Federalist Party never recovered for the charge of disloyalty. The Federalist Party collapsed a few years after the war’s end • Andrew Jackson becomes a hero throughout the Nation after the War of 1812

17. THE END