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Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

Learn about the pectoral girdle and upper limbs, including the bones of the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, palm, and fingers. Discover their surface markings and common disorders.

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Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

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  1. Appendicular Skeleton Division of the skeleton consisting of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs.

  2. Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

  3. Pectoral Girdle • Attaches the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

  4. Clavicle • Also known as the collarbone • Long, slender S-shaped bone that lies horizontally above the first rib (Transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk)

  5. Scapula • Also known as the shoulder blade • Large, flat triangular bone on the posterior part of the thorax

  6. SPINE: A sharp ridge that runs diagonally across the back portion of the scapula body • BODY – Main flat area of the scapula • ACROMION: The lateral end of the spine. Where the scapula articulates with the clavicle

  7. GLENOID CAVITY (glenoid fossa) - a depression inferior to the acromion where the head of the humerus sits • CORACOID PROCESS – Projection anterior to the acromion for muscle attachment

  8. Upper Limb

  9. Upper Limb • Consists of 30 bones (all paired up) • Humerus in the arm • Ulna and radius in the forearm • 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, and 14 phalanges in the hand

  10. Humerus • Longest and largest bone of the upper limb • Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and both the ulna and radius at the elbow

  11. Humerus Bone Surface Markings • ANATOMICAL NECK: constricted portion distal to the head – site of the epiphyseal plate

  12. BODY: Main portion of the bone (diaphysis) • DELTOID TUBEROSITY: a roughened V-shaped area where the deltoid muscle attaches

  13. CAPITULUM – small rounded process at the distal end that articulates with the head of the radius. • RADIAL FOSSA - a depression that receives the head of the radius when the forearm is bent.

  14. TROCHLEA - a spool-shaped surface that articulates with the ulna. • CORONOID FOSSA – a depression that receives part of the ulna when the forearm is bent. • OLECRANON FOSSA - a depression on the back of the bone that receives the ulna when the forearm is straightened.

  15. Ulna • Located on the medial side of the forearm (pinky side) • Longer than the radius

  16. Ulna Bone Surface Markings • The olecranon forms the prominence of the elbow on the proximal end. • The coronoid process projection on the proximal, helps to hold the trochlea • Trochlear Notch – depression formed by the olecranon and coronoid process

  17. The radial notch is a depression for the head of the radius. • A styloid process is a pointy projection at the distal end.

  18. Radius • Located on the lateral side of the forearm (thumb side)

  19. Radius Bone Surface Markings • Radial tuberosity a raised, roughened area that is where the biceps brachii muscle attaches to the bone • Styloid Process – pointy projection on the distal end

  20. Carpus (Wrist) • 8 carpals • Held together by ligaments with four bones in each row • Named for their shapes • Short bones

  21. The carpals in the proximal (closest to the radius/ulna) row are the: • Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform • The carpals in the distal row are the: • Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate

  22. Metacarpus (Palm) • 5 metacarpals • Each consists of a proximal base, an intermediate body, and a distal head • Numbered I-V starting with the thumb • Long bones

  23. Phalanges (Fingers) • 14 in each hand • Thumb has two (proximal and distal) • In each of the other four digits, there are three (proximal, middle, and distal)

  24. Disorders of the Upper Limb

  25. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Narrowing of the carpal tunnel causes compression of the median nerve • The nerve compression causes pain, numbness, tingling, and hand muscle weakness

  26. Rotator Cuff Injury • Tears or inflammation of ligaments and tendons of the shoulder near the humerus • Results in pain and loss of shoulder mobility

  27. Fractures

  28. Checkpoint Questions • Which bones make up a pectoral girdle? What is the function of the pectoral girdle? • With which part of the scapula does the humerus articulate? • What part of the ulna is called the “elbow”? • What part of which bones are commonly called the “knuckles”? • What bones form the upper limb, from proximal to distal?

  29. The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

  30. Pelvic (hip) Girdle • Functions: • Support for vertebral column • Protect pelvic organs • Attach lower limbs • Coxal Bones: Hip bones • 3 parts: Pubis, Ilium and Ischium

  31. Articulations • Sacroiliac Joint – posterior articulation of the pelvic girdle • Pubic Symphysis – anterior articulation of the pelvic girdle • Acetabulum – attachment point of the femur • socket of the ball and socket joint

  32. Coxal Bones • Pubis – anterior portion • Joined by pubic symphysis • Ilium – superior portion • Iliac Crest – ridge at the top of the ilium • Ischium – inferior portion • Acetabulum – socket for the head of the femur • Obturator Foramen – hole formed by the ischium and pubis

  33. Pelvis • Combination of the sacrum, coccyx, and the 2 hip bones • Greater (false) – Top portion that is not fully enclosed by bone • Lesser (true) – Bottom portion the is completely surrounded by bone

  34. Pelvis - continued • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis • Pubic Symphysis • Sacrum • Coccyx • Pelvic Brim • Pubic Arch

  35. X-Ray of Pelvis

  36. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis

  37. Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis

  38. Pelvimetry • Measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal.

  39. Pelvic Girdle Checkpoint • What is the name of the hip bone? • What are the 3 parts of the hip bone? • Can you identify them on a diagram??? • List 3 functions of the pelvic girdle • What is the name of the “socket” where the head of the femur sits? • List 3 differences between the male and female pelvis. Why are these present?

  40. LOWER LIMB • Includes the thigh, leg, ankle, foot and toes • 30 bones in each • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges

  41. Femur • Thigh Bone • Longest, strongest heaviest bone in the body • Diaphysis has a medial bend to bring knees closer to the midline of the body

  42. Femur continued • Body - diaphysis • Head – “ball” of ball and socket joint • Neck – common site of fractures • Greater and Lesser Trochanters – used for muscle attachment • Lateral and Medial Condyles – articulation with the tibia • Patellar Surface

  43. Patella • Sesamoid bone • Develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle • Increases the leverage of the tendon and maintains the position of the tendon

  44. Patellofemoral stress syndrome • AKA “Runner’s Knee” • Patella does not glide up and down between the femoral condyles but rather laterally causing pain.

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