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Chapter 8-1

Chapter 8-1. Energy for life A. Every organism requires energy (E) for biological work. B. Biological Work Includes:. Active transport 2. Photosynthesis 3. Mitosis 4. Protein Synthesis (making proteins). C. Energy Comes From Food Glucose ( C 6 H 12 O 6 ).

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Chapter 8-1

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  1. Chapter 8-1 • Energy for life A. Every organism requires energy(E) for biological work.

  2. B. Biological Work Includes: • Active transport 2. Photosynthesis 3. Mitosis 4. Protein Synthesis (making proteins)

  3. C. Energy Comes From FoodGlucose(C6H12O6) 1. Autotrophs (producers) Ex.______ produce their own glucose/food. a. by the process photosynthesis (PS) b. Energy for making glucose comes from the sun (ultimate source of E for all organisms)

  4. 2. Heterotroph (consumers) Organisms that cannot produce their own food. a. Glucose is broken down in mitochondriato make energy molecule (ATP). b. Cellular Respiration (CR)= process of breaking down glucose to make ATP (energy molecule) in organisms.

  5. D. ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate 1. Can be compared to a (fully charged battery)

  6. 2. Composed of 3 parts: a. adenine(amino acid) b. ribose (sugar) c. 3 Phosphate groups

  7. 3. Energy is in the phosphateBONDS of the ATP molecule What forms the bond? ELECTRONS

  8. E. When a phosphate bond is broken: 1. Energy is released 2. ADP is produced

  9. F. ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate 1. Differs from ATP b/c only 2 phosphates 2. Can be compared to a Low charged battery

  10. 3. ADP Can be recharged back to ATP by adding back the 3rd phosphate (P)

  11. G. ATP is the ONLY useable energy molecule in the cell 1. ALL food energy must be converted to ATP!!!!! 2. GLUCOSE is the most easily converted.

  12. H. FUN FACT  1 billion 1. Your body uses ATP per minute. 2. To meet this you should consume approx. Calories everyday. 3. Different foods have different amounts of energy. 1800-2500

  13. I. Which organic compound do you think has the mostenergy per gram?___ 1. Carbohydrates=______ Cal/gram 2. Proteins= ______Cal/gram 3. Fat=_____Cal/gram 4.How many calories/gram does water have? No calories! 4 4 9

  14. Photosynthesis CHAPTER 8-2

  15. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from? http://www.nofretete-page.de/gemischtNeu/TN_plant_grow_w.JPG

  16. I. Experiments 1643-1948 A. VanHelmont-1643 1. Wondered what made up the mass of a tree- because the only thing he added was water. 2. He did not take in account for carbs(glucose) produced during photosynthesis.

  17. 4. Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________ 3. Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something he couldn’t see… __________________ from the air. carbon dioxide carbon water Carbohydrates http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html

  18. B. Priestly-1771 1. Lit a candle- put jar over it – flame goes out 2.If he placed a __________ in the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle would stay lit. live plant 3. The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up 4. We now know it was …____________ OXYGEN

  19. C. Ingenhaus-1779 1. Showed that the effect that Priestly observed occurred only when plant is exposed to light. 2. Determined that plants need light to produce oxygen

  20. D.THE BIG PICTURE 1. These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water into glucose and release oxygen.

  21. E. Mayer – 1845 1. Determined that plants convert light energy (sun) to chemical energy (glucose)

  22. F. Calvin - 1948 1. Determined the biochemical pathway that Carbon follows to form glucose. 2. The pathway (cycle) is named after him -Calvin Cycle.

  23. II. Photosynthesis Equation A. PS uses (reactants): 1. Water 2. Carbon Dioxide (thanks to us)  B. In the presence of: 1. Sunlight 2. Chlorophyll B. PS makes (products) 1. Glucose (for cell) 2. Oxygen (given off as waste) lucky us 

  24. C. THE EQUATION THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!!!!!!! 6 Carbondioxide 6WATER glucose 6 Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ CHLOROPHYLL 6 CO2 6 H2O → C6H12O6 6 O2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ CHLOROPHYLL

  25. D. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and __________________ are needed for photosynthesis to happen. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255phts/255phts.htm chlorophyll light energy

  26. III. Pigments and Reactions • Chlorophyll- 1. Traps the E from sunlight 2. Transfers the E to the e- (electrons) in chlorophyll 3. They are now called “ high energy” e-’s

  27. Photosynthesis ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. consumed Product Y Reaction 1 → Product → X Reaction 2 → A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

  28. Chapter 8-3 Light Dependent and Light Independent Reactions

  29. I. Basic Photosynthesis A. Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen B. The basic equation for photosynthesis is as follows: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight

  30. II. Photosynthesis Equation A. USES: (reactants) 1. 6 Carbon Dioxide molecules(thanks to us)  2. 6 Water molecules B. IN THE PRESENCE OF 1. Sunlight B. TO MAKE: (products) 1. 1 Glucose (for cell) molecule 2. 6 Oxygen molecules (given off as waste) lucky us 

  31. III. Chloroplasts A. Organelle where PS takes place in autotrophs B. Contains chlorophyll (pigment that “traps” light) 1. Traps the E from sunlight. 2. Transfers the E to the electrons (e-) in chlorophyll. 3. They are then called “high energy” electrons

  32. Inside a chloroplast

  33. Components of Chloroplast • Thylakoid – Saclike photosynthetic membranes • Light-dependent reactions occur here • Granum –single stack of thylakoids • Grana- All of the Granum in one Chloroplast • Stroma – Region outside the thylakoid membrane • Reactions of the Calvin Cycle occur here

  34. C. LIGHT DEPENDENT: reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplast. D. LIGHT INDEPENDENT (dark/Calvin): reactions take place in the stroma of chloroplast.

  35. PLANT CELL - High Energy Sugar Glucose

  36. IV. Light Dependent Reactions A. Requires light and water B. Takes place in the Thylakoid

  37. C. Uses energy from sun to form: 1. ATP- ( recharged ADP + P from Calvin cycle)used in the Calvin cycle. 2. Create NADPH- from NADP+: NADP+ comes from the Calvin cycle and it’s job is to carry the high energy electrons and the H (from water splitting) to form NADPH- 3. Oxygen gas :waste given off to environment (remember it came from the water splitting)

  38. D. Water is split to produce: 1. Oxygenwaste 2. Hydrogenused to convert NADP+ to form NADPH- which is used in the e- transport chain.

  39. III. Light Independent (dark) Reactions A. also called Calvin Cycle B. Produces high energy sugars (glucose) C. Uses ATP and NADPH- (from light reactions) to convert CO2 (from air) into glucose. D. Does not require light-uses E from ATP

  40. IV. Factors that Affect rate of PS A. No water = No NADPH If no NADPH = No Glucose B. Temperature- enzymes sensitive to extreme temperatures C. Light Intensity: in light = in PS (to a certain point)

  41. Summary • Light Dependent Reaction Uses:Water + Light To Make:ATP + NADPH- + (O2 as waste) • Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle) Uses:CO2 + ATP + NADPH- To Make:glucose ***GLUCOSE IS MADE DURING DARK REACTIONS NOT LIGHT!!!!

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