Chapter 6 – The Loyalists

1. Chapter 6 – The Loyalists • What we learn in Chapter 6: • Who are the Loyalists • Where did they settle in Canada • British Colony in Quebec and building a New Life in Canada • Constitutional Act, 1791 – Representative Government • War of 1812 – The Results • Fur Trading and Exploration

2. After the American Revolution two groups emerged: • Loyalists(Tories) – Loyal to Britain and did not want to separate. These people lived in or moved to the British North American colonies of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, St. John Island (P.E.I.), Cape Breton Island, or Newfoundland. (KMT - Guómíndǎng Party). 2. Patriots (Rebels) – Loyal to the 13 Colonies and wanted to separate from Britain to form their own country The United States of America. These people lived in or moved to the 13 Colonies. (Communist Party)

3. Refugees • A person who leaves their home or country to look for safety elsewhere. • From 1776 to 1786 many loyalists left the 13 American colonies for the British Colonies of Quebec and Nova Scotia. • Many of the loyalist left after the American Revolution were threatened and forced to leave their home.

4. Think Pair Share There are many types of loyalists that came to BNA after the American Revolution. With your partner, identify the different reasons why some loyalists came north to BNA.

5. Types of Loyalists: Neutral Loyalists – Some people didn’t want to choose a side, but were punished for not picking a side. Protect their Culture – People feared their culture would be lost if they stayed in the 13 colonies, but could be protected in BNA. Native Loyalists – Natives fought with the British; and colonists wanted to move into Native land. Natives came to BNA to see safety. Religious Loyalists – sought to protect their religion African American Loyalists – Some African Americans came with their masters while others came as free people.

6. Persecution • Many Loyalists who lived in the 13 Colonies had their homes taken away and their businesses destroyed by the Patriots. • Some were tarred and featheredif they refused to move to BNA. • The Patriots persecuted the Loyalists because they had different political beliefs.

7. Day 2 - Where did the Loyalists Settle

8. Nova Scotia Many loyalists from the American Revolution came to Nova Scotia (34,000) and settled in 3 main areas. Halifax It had a well established community. It was a military centre, but not many people settled here. Why? Shelburne 10,000 loyalists settled here and it was one of the largest cities in N. America at one point. Citied failed because the land was unsuitable for farming The St. John River Valley This community would later separate to become New Brunswick. Why did the people in this colony want a separate colony from Nova Scotia?

9. New Brunswick This colony used to be apart of the Saint John River Valley. They separate for three main reasons: • Too far from capital city (Halifax) • Felt they were different than people from Nova Scotia • The location of New Brunswick was perfect for a new colony. Good soil, fishing and harbors.

10. Prince Edward Island The British divided the land and gave the land to British noblemen or officers. These were absentee landlords, who owned the land but did not live on the land. Roughly 600 loyalists tried to settled in PEI, but had to pay high rent and could not buy their land.

11. Cape Breton Island This was made a separate colony from Nova Scotia in 1784 and people were not allowed to settle there up until 1780s. In 1784, the British government opened the island to loyalist immigration. Similar to PEI, most of the land was owned by absentee landlords.

12. Newfoundland • Newfoundland was a fishing community and the British government had no interest in encouraging immigration or population growth. • No loyalists went to Newfoundland

13. Day 2 – Colony of Quebec

14. Colony of Quebec The loyalists that settled in Quebec were crowded into temporary refugee camps on a seigneury. The loyalists were extremely upset and wanted compensation from the British government. Governor Haldimand gave the loyalists free land to the west of Quebec to keep them away from the French habitants. Why did the governor want to keep the two groups separate?

15. Petition A petition is a document containing a request to the government. IT contains statements describing what the petitioners want changed and has space for people to sign their name. Activity: Create some petition ideas for Maple Leaf, your parents or China? Be ready to share you ideas with the class.

16. Loyalists Petition The loyalists sent a petition to the government asking for supplies to rebuild their lives. They didn’t get everything, but they did receive enough supplies to build a new house and survive for three years. Loyalists were also given free land to farm. The size and quality was based on their army rank and size of family.

17. Sir Guy Carleton (1724-1808) • He was commander of the British forced at the end of the American Revolution. • He helped evacuate the loyalists from the 13 colonies. • Why is he important in Chapter 6?

18. Native People The Natives were allies (friends) of the British during the American revolution. Thus, many of the refugees from the war were native. Britain invited the Iroquoian people to move to British North America (BNA). Why were the Americans now able to expand westward into Indian territory?

19. Day 3 - The Constitutional Act, 1791 Appoint: To be chosen by another for a political position. Elect: To be voted by the majority of people and win a political position. Legislative Assembly: A group of representatives elected to the Legislature who represent the people of each province; a law making body.

20. The Constitutional Act, 1791 What is this? – this document gave the people of Upper Canada and Lower Canada their own Legislative Assemblies (government bodies) Why is it Important? - This gave the separate colonies ‘Representative Government” in each colony.

21. The Constitutional Act, 1791 Key Terms: Language: Upper Canada to be English speaking and Lower Canada mainly French speaking. Religion: One-seventh of all public lands in Upper Canada to be set aside for protestant schools and churches. In lower Canada the catholic church is protected.

22. Think Pair Share Looking at the “Alternatives Open to the British” on page 80 of your text book, which option did the British choose when creating the “The Constitutional Act, 1791”? Discuss you answer with your partner.

23. The Constitutional Act, 1791 The government structure changed with the Constitutional Act, 1791. The government gave both Upper and Lower Canada a ‘Legislative Assembly”. The Legislative Assembly were elected from the people and could make laws and impose taxes. However, they had little power in the government. WHY?

24. Day 4 – War of 1812

25. War of 1812 The war of 1812 was fought between United States of America and Britain. The war was started by the Americans for several reasons Reasons for the War: • European blockade • American War Hawks • National Honor

26. European Blockade When the War of 1812 started, Britain and France had been at War for almost 20 years. 1. The British had been blockading European ports, thus blocking the Americans from trading and losing business. 2. The British were stopping American ships and taking suspected British Navy deserters. Many innocent men were taken.

27. American War Hawks There were influential men in the US that wanted war because they could benefit financially from having war. • There was good farmland in Canada • BNA was blocking people from westward expansion. • Native people were hiding in BNA

28. National Honor National Honor was considered a reason for going to war with Britain because Britain didn’t treat the Americans as equals and didn’t respect them as a sovereign nation. For example, if they were equals the British wouldn’t stop American ships and take sailors off the ships.

29. Results of War There was no winner after the War of 1812, however there were some long term affects of the war: • American immigrants were discouraged from coming to British North America (BNA – Canada) • It stabilized the border between the USA and BNA at the 49th parallel line. • The Great Lakes were demilitarized • Britain began to have more respect for USA • A feeling of unity grew within Canada between French and English.

30. Think Pair Share After the War of 1812, English and French Canadians developed a sense of Canadian nationalism. • Discuss with your partner why this nationalism grew? • Has there been a war in China that has created a strong sense of nationalism and unity.

31. Day 5 - The Fur Trade

32. The North West Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company • Review: HBC was formed by the British in 1670 with a monopoly given to them around Rupert’s Land. • Native Cree people then carried their furs from tribes in the West, to the forts around Hudson’s Bay. • Unlike the French, the British did not go inland to get good furs, and made the natives come to them. • When they won the Seven Years’ War, the British thought they would dominate both the land and gain total control of the fur trade.

33. The Hudson’s Bay Company and the North West Company: Competition • Instead, independent French traders continued to build forts and trading networks inland, gaining access to the best furs. • By 1783, independent French traders joined together in order to become more successful. • Some formed the North West Company (NWC) and others the XY company. Later the two joined to become the North West Company.

34. The Competition…that led to exploration! • By 1804 there was a HUGE rivalry between the HBC and the NWC. • After the War of 1812, this rivalry led to violence, which had results that we will learn about later. • The competition created a need for explorers and traders to move West to seek more furs and a Northwest Passage leading from eastern North America to the Pacific Ocean.

35. Explorers in Western Canada • Sea Explorers: • Captain James Cook: Made 3 voyages for Britain. Read pg 125 and write down 3 places interesting facts about Cook.

36. Explorers in Western Canada • Captain George Vancouver: (pg 125) • 3 interesting facts about this Sea Explorer:

37. Men of the North West Company • Alexander Mackenzie: He was the first Caucasian to cross the continent from East to West, searching for a route to the Pacific. His explorations provided the North West Company with some of the richest fur territory in British North America.

38. Men of the North West Company • Simon Fraser- Worked for the company first as a trader, and then became partner. He built the first trading posts in B.C.. He too searched out rivers, looking for a safe fur trade route to the ocean.

39. Men of the North West Company • David Thompson- Both a mapmaker, explorer and fur trader. He was the first to finally explore the Columbia River to its source. He built a number of fur- trading posts along the Columbia and its tributaries (a smaller stream feeding larger streams, rivers, or lakes).