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CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6. Skeletal System. Skeletal System. Human skeleton consists of 206 bones Serves as support ing framework of body Protects vital internal organs Important role in movement = attachments for muscles Reservoir for storing minerals Red bone marrow = blood cell formation.

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CHAPTER 6

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  1. CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System

  2. Skeletal System • Human skeleton consists of 206 bones • Serves as supporting framework of body • Protects vital internal organs • Important role in movement = attachments for muscles • Reservoir for storing minerals • Red bone marrow = blood cell formation

  3. Bone Structure • Diaphysis • Main shaft-like portion of a long bone • Compact bone • Epiphysis • Located at each end of a long bone • Epiphyseal line • Separates diaphysis from epiphysis

  4. Bone Structure • Periosteum • Covers the surface of the long bone • Articular cartilage • Covers joint surfaces

  5. Bone Structure • Medullary (marrow) cavity • Contains yellow marrow • Spongy bone (trabeculae) • Also called cancellous bone

  6. Bone Structure • Red bone marrow • Site for blood cell production • Yellow marrow • Stores fat

  7. Bone Structure

  8. Question The bony skeleton serves many purposes EXCEPT: • structure • movement • digestion • red cell production

  9. Question True or False: To keep epiphysis and diaphysis straight, remember that epi- means outermost and dia- means through.

  10. Bone Markings • Bone markings = specific features of bones • Enlargements that extend out from the bone • Openings within the bone • Hollow regions within the bone • Points of attachment for muscles and tendons • Points for joining one bone to another • Cavities and passages for nerves and blood vessels

  11. Bone Depressions • Concave areas or openings in a bone • Help form joints • Serve as points of attachment for muscle • Sulcus • Groove or depression in a bone • Example = fissure

  12. Bone Depressions • Sinus • Opening or hollow space in a bone • Example = frontal sinus • Fossa • Hollow or shallow concave depression in bone • Example = fossa of the iliac (hip) bone

  13. Bone Depressions • Foramen • Hole within a bone for blood vessels or nerves to pass through • Example = foramen magnum of the skull

  14. Question What do you think passes through the foramen magnum ("great hole") on the underside of the skull? • neck muscles • spinal cavity • ball-and-socket joint • aorta

  15. Cranial Bones • Cranium = bony skull • Envelops brain • Composed of eight bones • Immovable bones • Borders meet to form immovable joints • Immovable joints = sutures

  16. Cranial Bones

  17. Facial Bones • Two bones provide distinctive shape to face • Maxillae (upper jaw bones) • Mandible (lower jaw bone) • All facial bones connected by immovable joints (sutures) • One exception (mandible)

  18. Facial Bones

  19. Question True or False: The immovable joints in the skull and face are called fissures.

  20. Vertebral Bones • Form long axis of the body • Referred to as spinal column or backbone • 24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx • Offer protection to spinal cord

  21. Vertebral Bones • Cervical vertebrae • Vertebrae of the neck (cervic/o = neck) • Identified as C1 - C7 • Thoracic vertebrae • Vertebrae of the chest (thorac/o = chest) • Identified as T1 - T12

  22. Vertebral Bones • Lumbar vertebrae • Vertebrae of lower back (lumb/o = lower back, loins) • Identified as L1 - L5

  23. Vertebral Bones • Sacrum • Singular, triangular shaped bone • Resulted from fusion of five individual sacral bones in the child • Coccyx • Also called “tailbone” • Resulted from fusion of four individual coccygeal bones in the child

  24. Question True or False: The first three segments of the vertebral column are named by their corresponding body position.

  25. Bones of the Thorax • True ribs (ribs 1-7) • Attach to sternum in front and vertebrae in back • False ribs (ribs 8-10) • Attach to vertebrae in back but attach to cartilage of 7th rib in front – not the sternum • Floating ribs (ribs 11-12) • Attach to vertebrae in back • Completely free of attachment in front

  26. Bones of the Upper Extremities

  27. Pelvic Bones

  28. Bones of the Lower Extremities • Femur • Thigh bone • Patella • Knee bone or kneecap

  29. Bones of the Lower Extremities • Tibia • Larger and stronger of the two lower leg bones • Fibula • More slender of the two lower leg bones

  30. Bones of the Ankle and Foot • Ankle bones (tarsals) • Calcaneus • Talus bone • Foot bones • Metatarsals • Phalanges

  31. Question The false ribs connect to the cartilage of rib number ____ instead of the sternum. • 7 • 11 • 1 • 9

  32. Question The carpals are to the wrist as the _______ are to the ankle. • phalanges • tarsals • metatarsals • metacarpals

  33. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Skeletal System

  34. Osteomalacia • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-mah-LAY-she-ah) • Defined • Abnormal softening of the bones due to a deficiency of calcium and phosphorus in the blood, which are necessary for bone mineralization

  35. Osteomyelitis • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-my-ell-EYE-tis) • Defined • A local or generalized infection of the bone and bone marrow • Resulting from a bacterial infection that has spread to the bone tissue through the blood

  36. Osteoporosis • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-poh-ROW-sis) • Defined • Porous bones • Bones that were once strong become fragile due to loss of bone density

  37. Osteoporosis

  38. Question True or False: Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are describing the same problem, but one is more severe than the other.

  39. Ewing’s Sarcoma • Pronounced • (YOO-wings sar-KOH-mah) • Defined • Malignant tumor of the bones common to young adults, particularly adolescent boys

  40. Osteogenic Sarcoma • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-JEN-ic sar-KOH-mah) • Defined • Malignant tumor arising from bone • Also known as osteosarcoma

  41. Osteochondroma • Pronounced • (oss-tee-oh-kon-DROH-mah) • Defined • Most common benign bone tumor • Most frequently involves the femur and tibia

  42. Paget’s Disease • Pronounced • (PAJ-ets dih-ZEEZ) • Defined • Nonmetabolic disease of the bone • Characterized by excessive bone destruction and unorganized bone formation by the osteoblasts • Bone is weak and prone to fractures

  43. Spinal Stenosis • Pronounced • (SPIGH-nal stin-OH-sis) • Defined • Narrowing of the vertebral canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramina • Openings of the lumbar spinal canal • Causes pressure on nerve roots prior to their exit from the foramina

  44. Talipes Equinovarus • Pronounced • (TAL-ih-peez eh-kwine-oh-VAIR-us) • Defined • Clubfoot

  45. Talipes Equinovarus Photo courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

  46. Question If chondr- means cartilage, what do you think the term osteochondroma literally means? • cartilaginous tumor of the bone • bony tumor of the cartilage • tumor of bone or cartilage • tumor of bone and cartilage

  47. Abnormal Curvature of the Spine • Kyphosis • Outward curvature = humpback or hunchback • Lordosis • Inward curvature = swayback • Scoliosis • Lateral (sideward) curvature

  48. Abnormal Curvature of the Spine

  49. Fracture: Broken Bone • Closed fracture • Break in the bone but no open wound in skin • Simple fracture • Open fracture • Break in the bone, as well as an open wound in skin • Compound fracture

  50. Fracture: Broken Bone • Complete fracture • Break extends through the entire thickness of bone • Incomplete fracture • One side of bone is broken and one side of bone is bent considerably but not broken • Greenstick fracture

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