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Punctuation

Punctuation. Commas in a Series. A comma tells the reader when to pause. A series is a list of three or more items in a sentence. A comma is used after each item in a series except the last one. Ex: Sara writes poems, short stories, and plays.

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Punctuation

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  1. Punctuation

  2. Commas in a Series • A comma tells the reader when to pause. • A series is a list of three or more items in a sentence. • A comma is used after each item in a series except the last one. Ex: Sara writes poems, short stories, and plays. • A conjunction is used before the item in a series. Ex: The play will have two, three, or four characters. • Do not use a comma if the sentence lists only two items. Ex: Sara writes poems and short stories.

  3. More uses for Commas • Always use a comma after an introductory word such as: yes, well, and no . Ex: Yes, I play the piano. • The name of a person who is spoken to is called a noun in direct address. • Use a comma or commas to set off a noun in direct address from the rest of the sentence. Ex: Maria, will you play the piano for us? Thank you, Maria, for doing a good job. • Sometimes you will use introductory words and nouns in direct address in the same sentence. Ex: Yes, Maria, you are ready for the concert.

  4. Dependent and Independent Clauses • A clause is a group of words that work together. They contain a subject and a verb. • An Independent Clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Example: Joey rode the bus. • A Dependent Clause, also called a fragment, does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. Example: When Joey rode the bus. • A dependent clause may begin with : until, when, after, since, as , who, or that

  5. A dependent clause must be paired with at least one independent clause to create a complete sentence. Ex: After I went skating yesterday, I ran into an old friend in the parking lot. • A comma is used between two independent clauses, and it is placed before the conjunction Ex: My teacher is intelligent, and I've learned a lot from her. • If a dependent clause comes at the beginning of a sentence, and an independent clause comes at the end, put a comma after the dependent clause. Ex: Although Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics.

  6. Simple Sentence • A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. • Ex: Some students like to study in the mornings. Pete and Bobplayfootball every afternoon. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.

  7. Compound Sentence • A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. • The coordinators are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) • Except for very short sentences, a comma is placed before the coordinators. • Ex: I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.  Alex played football, so Maria went shopping. 

  8. Complex Sentence • A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. • A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as: because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. • Ex: When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.  The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.  The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.

  9. Colons and Semicolons • A colon consists of two dots, one above the other Ex- : • The colon is often used to introduce a list of items. Ex: You will need to bring three things to the party: some food, something to drink, and a small gift. • You can also use a colon to introduce an explanation or a definition of something. Ex: I'll tell you what I'm going to do : I'm going to quit! Accelerate : To speed up

  10. A semicolon consists of a comma with a dot above it. Ex- ; • The semicolon is often used to join together two independent clauses. It joins two clauses that could be sentences and are usually related in some way. Ex: Mary drives a Mercedes ; Joanne drives a Chevrolet. • One more very common use of the semicolon is to join two clauses using a transition such as: however, therefore, or otherwise. Ex: John is Canadian ; however, he lives in the United States. You should get your brakes fixed ; otherwise, you might have an accident. *Brainpop*

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