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Chapter 6: The Rise of the Greek City-States

Chapter 6: The Rise of the Greek City-States. 1. Historical Overview. Brainstorming: Who were the Mycenaeans (1900-1100 BCE). 1. Historical Overview. 1100-800 BCE Dark Ages Dorian invasions put an end to Mycenaean domination Writing (Linear B) disappears Iron age starts in Greece.

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Chapter 6: The Rise of the Greek City-States

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  1. Chapter 6: The Rise of the Greek City-States

  2. 1. Historical Overview • Brainstorming: Who were the Mycenaeans (1900-1100 BCE)

  3. 1. Historical Overview 1100-800 BCE Dark Ages • Dorian invasions put an end to Mycenaean domination • Writing (Linear B) disappears • Iron age starts in Greece

  4. 1. Historical Overview

  5. 1. Historical Overview 800-479 BCE Archaic Period • Mycenaean and Minoan inheritance shows in Greek culture. • New values: formation of the Greek polis • 479 BCE Final defeat of the Persian invaders

  6. 2. Geography

  7. 2. Geography of Egypt and Mesopotamia • Large rivers unifying the territory • River acting as an artery for communications • Flat lands: easier to build roads • Concentration of population along the river • Unified politically

  8. 2. Geography of Greece • Mountainous region/ Multitude of islands

  9. 2. Geography of Greece

  10. 2. Geography of Greece • Scattered population • Isolated city-states (poleis) with different political structures • Sea as the main means for communication and trade • Sense of community and political federation created by the Persian wars

  11. 3. Political organization The polis: • An urban and political entity. • Acropolis • Agora • Walls • Surrounding land

  12. 3. Political organization Archia: Gk: rule, government Kratia: Gk: power, government Monos: Gk: One Oligos: Gk: Few Aristos: Gk: the best Demos: Gk: people • Monarchy • Oligarchy • Tyranny • Democracy

  13. 3-Political organization • Monarchy: Mycenaean (Agamemnon) • Oligarchy: rule of the aristocracy (landowners) • Tyranny: reformers (Peisistratus) • Democracy: Athens (Kleisthenes)

  14. 4. Period of colonization • Causes of emigration: • Growth of the population • Scarcity of resources • Lack of political opportunity • Greek colonies: Magna Graecia (Southern Italy and Sicily), Southern France, Spain… • Consequences: enrichment of middle classes (businessmen) and push for democratization (against traditional landowners).

  15. 4. Period of colonization

  16. 4. Period of colonization

  17. 4. Colonies in Southern Italy Magna Graecia Greek colonies • Naples (Nea-polis) • Syracuse • Palermo • Messina

  18. 4. Colonies in Southern Italy Distinguished visitors • Pythagoras (Croton) • Plato (Syracuse) • Herodotus (Thurium)

  19. 5. Sparta vs. Athens Sparta • Dorian settlement • Oligarchy • Militaristic society • Stringent immigration laws • Women participated somehow in the public sphere Athens • Aeolic settlement • Restricted democracy • Cultural achievements • Women and foreigners do not participate in civic life

  20. 6. Persian Wars • Created a sense of community between the Greeks. • Battles: 490BCE Marathon 480 BCE Thermopylae 480 BCE Salamis Persian Kings: Darius (522-486 BCE) Xerxes (486-465 BCE) Persian archer (Persepolis)

  21. 6. Persian Wars: Persepolis

  22. 7. Religion • Olympian deities: • Polytheistic, anthropomorphic Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Athena, Apollo, Artemis… • Chthonic deities: • Fertility and agricultural gods. • Demeter (Eleusis) and Dionysius (Dionysia) • Mystery cults

  23. 7. Religion

  24. 7. Religion

  25. 7. Religion: Panhellenic games • Olympia • Athletic competition • In honor of Zeus • Held every four years • Cycle: • Olympic Games (Olympia) • Pythian Games (Delphi) • Nemean Games (Nemea) • Isthmian Games (Corinth) • Contests: • Stadion (200 yard race) • Pentathlon (javelin, discus, long jump, sprinting, wrestling) • Boxing

  26. 7. Panhellenic games: Olympia

  27. 7. Panhellenic games: Olympia Temple of Zeus and sacred precinct Stadion

  28. 8. Panhellenic sanctuaries: Delphi • Artistic and athletic competition (Pythian Games) • Origin: Apollo killed the snake (Python) that guarded the sanctuary. • Etymology: omphalos, navel of the earth (umbilical). • Oracle: Pythia

  29. 8. Panhellenic sanctuaries: Delphi

  30. 9. Literature Epic poetry • Oral tradition. • Sang by a bard • Homer (800 BCE) • Iliad: Trojan war (1250 BCE), the wrath of Achilles • Odyssey: the return of Odysseus

  31. 9. Literature Lyric poetry • Sang with a lyre • Expression of personal feelings • Sappho, Alcaeus: love, symposium, life and death. • Pindar: odes to victors in the athletic contests, everlasting fame. Historiography • First attempt to record events objectively: Herodotus

  32. 10. Architecture

  33. 9. Architecture • Temples in Doric style • Colonnade winding all the way around an inner cella. Poseidonia. Temple of Hera II, 460 BCE

  34. 10. Sculpture A BC D

  35. 10. Sculpture 2525 BCE 600 BCE 530 BCE 480 BCE

  36. 10. Sculpture Kouroi (Kouros) • Nude male figures • Influence of Egyptian art (rigid pose, frontality) • Apollos or memorial statues • Evolution toward more naturalistic • Study of the human body

  37. 10. Sculpture

  38. 10. Sculpture

  39. 10. Sculpture Korai (Kore) • Statues of females (dressed) • Polychromic • Votive statues • Dressed with a peplos and later with chiton (study of the folds)

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