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Four Generations of Warfare

Four Generations of Warfare. The First Generation Runs roughly from 1648 to 1860. War of line and column tactics, where battles were formal and the battlefield was orderly. Battlefield of order created a military culture of order.

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Four Generations of Warfare

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  1. Four Generations of Warfare • The First Generation • Runs roughly from 1648 to 1860. • War of line and column tactics, where battles were formal and the battlefield was orderly. • Battlefield of order created a military culture of order. • Most of the things that distinguish "military" from "civilian" - uniforms, saluting, careful gradations or rank -- were products of the First Generation and are intended to reinforce the culture of order.

  2. Four Generations of Warfare • Second Generation warfare • Developed by the French Army during and after World War I, it sought a solution in mass firepower, most of which was indirect artillery fire. • The goal was attrition, and the doctrine was summed up by the French as, "The artillery conquers, the infantry occupies." • Centrally-controlled firepower was carefully synchronized, using detailed, specific plans and orders, for the infantry, tanks, and artillery, in a "conducted battle" where the commander was in effect the conductor of an orchestra.

  3. Third Generation Warfare • Third Generation warfare • Based not on firepower and attrition but speed, surprise, and mental as well as physical dislocation. • Tactically seek to get into the enemy's rear and collapse him from the rear forward: instead of "close with and destroy," the motto is "bypass and collapse.“ • In the defense, it attempts to draw the enemy in, then cut him off. • War ceases to be a shoving contest, where forces attempt to hold or advance a "line;" • Third Generation warfare is non-linear.

  4. Fourth Generation Warfare • Fourth Generation • The state loses its monopoly on war. • All over the world, state militaries find themselves fighting non-state opponents such as al Quaeda, Hamas, Hezbollah, etc. Almost everywhere, the state is losing. • Fourth Generation war is also marked by a return to a world of cultures, not merely states, in conflict. • We now find ourselves facing the Christian West's oldest and most steadfast opponent, Islam.

  5. PEACE OF WESTPHALIA • The Peace of Westphalia, 1648, ended the Thirty Years' War. The treaties were signed on October 24, 1648 and involved the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, and Sweden. • Credited with establishing the international system as we know it today. • The principle of the sovereignty of states and the fundamental right of political self determination • The principle of (legal) equality between states • The principle of non-intervention of one state in the internal affairs of another state

  6. Second Generation Warfare • Second Generation warfare • Solution in mass firepower • Goal was attrition • Centrally-controlled firepower synchronized, using detailed, specific plans and orders, for the infantry, tanks, and artillery, in a "conducted battle" where the commander was in effect the conductor of an orchestra.

  7. Third Generation Warfare • Third Generation warfare • Based not on firepower and attrition but speed, surprise, and mental as well as physical dislocation. • Tactically seek to get into the enemy's rear and collapse him from the rear forward: instead of "close with and destroy," the motto is "bypass and collapse.“ • Defense in depth – on a massive scale • Third Generation warfare is non-linear.

  8. Nuclear Weapons Proliferate Fall of USSR Peace of Westphalia state vs. state Precursor activities – going back to Alexander & Sun Tzu (and before) 2 GW 1GW 3 GW States & non-states wage war maneuver concepts State-vs-state— only “legal” form of war New commo & trans networks 4 GW Highly irregular / partisan / insurgent warfare; terrorism; criminal organizations, etc. States & non-states wage war 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 The “generations of war” modelFrom the viewpoint of Core states and nuclear powers

  9. FOURTH GENERATION WARFARE • Fourth generation warfare (4GW) William S. Lind. • signifies the nation states' loss of their monopoly on combat forces, returning in a sense to the uncontrolled combat of pre-modern times. • Defined: Any war in which one of the major participants is not a state but rather a violent ideological network. • Fourth Generation wars are characterized by a blurring of the lines between war and politics, soldier and civilian, peace and conflict, battlefield and safety. • Goal: to weaken the technologically advantaged opponent's will to win.

  10. ELEMENTS OF 4GW • High Technology • Terrorism • A non-national or transnational base • A direct attack on the enemy's culture • Highly sophisticated psychological warfare, especially through manipulation of the media

  11. Is it new? • Important differences in how it is applied today. These include: • Global -- modern technologies and economic integration enable global operations. • Movement of money and resources • Global connectivity • Pervasive -- the decline of nation-state warfare has forced all open conflict into the 4GW mold. • Granularity -- extremely small viable groups and variety of reasons for conflict. • Super state to super individual • Vulnerability -- open societies and economies.

  12. Is it new? differences (con’t) • Technology -- new technologies have dramatically increased the productivity of small groups of 4GW warriors. • Nuclear bomb vs. cell phone and 60mm mortar • AK-47 – 50 millions distributed worldwide • Media -- global media saturation makes possible an incredible level of manipulation. • Psychological impact. • Networked -- new organizational types made possible by improvements in technology are much better at learning, surviving, and acting.

  13. 4GW in America? • Immigration in an immigrant nation. • Who stays, who goes? • Invading armies will leave, immigrants will remain • Targets our baseline value system • Al-Qaeda – proud that it took 10 years to fight the Russians in Afghanistan but also claim that it was they, not the US, that caused the US to collapse. • They perceived Russia as a larger, stronger, more willful threat.

  14. HOMELAND SECURITY BRIEFING

  15. FUNDEMENTAL CONCEPTS

  16. Purpose of the Offense • Destroy enemy forces and equipment • Deceive and divert the enemy • Deprive the enemy of resources • Gain information • Fix the enemy in place • Disrupt enemy actions or preparations

  17. Purpose of the Offense • Destroy enemy forces and equipment • Deceive and divert the enemy • Deprive the enemy of resources • Gain information • Fix the enemy in place • Disrupt enemy actions or preparations

  18. Gain and maintain contact. Develop the situation. Exploit known enemy weaknesses. Concentrate superior combat power at the decisive time and place. Seize or control key terrain. Gain and retain the initiative. Neutralize the enemy's ability to react. Advance by fire and maneuver. Maintain momentum. Exploit success. Provide for the security of the force. FUNDEMENTALS OF THE OFFENSE

  19. Gain and maintain contact. Develop the situation. Exploit known enemy weaknesses. Concentrate superior combat power at the decisive time and place. Seize or control key terrain. Gain and retain the initiative. Neutralize the enemy's ability to react. Advance by fire and maneuver. Maintain momentum. Exploit success. Provide for the security of the force. FUNDEMENTALS OF THE OFFENSE

  20. Purpose of the Defense • To defeat an enemy attack • To develop more favorable conditions for offensive operations • To gain time to prepare for other operations • To allow higher command to concentrate forces elsewhere • To control key enemy forces as a prelude to offensive operations. • To retain key or decisive terrain or to prevent the enemy’s capture of terrain.

  21. Purpose of the Defense • To defeat an enemy attack • To develop more favorable conditions for offensive operations • To gain time to prepare for other operations • To allow higher command to concentrate forces elsewhere • To control key enemy forces as a prelude to offensive operations. • To retain key or decisive terrain or to prevent the enemy’s capture of terrain.

  22. Defensive Considerations • Preparation • Mutual Support • Integrate obstacle plan with fire plan • Counter attack to exploit weaknesses in the attacking force

  23. Defensive Considerations • Preparation • Mutual Support • Integrate obstacle plan with fire plan • Counter attack to exploit weaknesses in the attacking force

  24. INTERNAL THREADS • MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM • STRATEGY • OPERATIONS • TACTICS • LOGISTICS & ADMINISTRATION • GENERALSHIP • MILITARY THEORY & DOCTRINE

  25. INTERNAL THREADS • MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM • STRATEGY • OPERATIONS • TACTICS • LOGISTICS & ADMINISTRATION • GENERALSHIP • MILITARY THEORY & DOCTRINE

  26. EXTERNAL THREADS • POLITICAL FACTORS • SOCIAL FACTORS • ECONOMIC FACTORS • TECHNOLOGY

  27. EXTERNAL THREADS • POLITICAL FACTORS • SOCIAL FACTORS • ECONOMIC FACTORS • TECHNOLOGY

  28. MOOSEMUSS • Mass • Objective • Offensive • Surprise • Economy of Force • Maneuver • Unity of Command • Security • Simplicity

  29. MOOSEMUSS • Mass • Objective • Offensive • Surprise • Economy of Force • Maneuver • Unity of Command • Security • Simplicity

  30. William Lind and 4GW http://www.d-n-i.net/second_level/fourth_generation_warfare.htm

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