Biology EOI Review

1. Biology EOI Review

2. P.A.S.S. Objectives Biological Diversity C3.1, C3.2, P2.1, P2.2

3. Classification • Developed by Carolus Linneaus in 1730s • Based on physical & structural similarities • Today, includes evolutionary relationships

4. Divisions Three Domains: • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya Four Eukarya Kingdoms: • Protist • Fungi • Plant • Animal

5. Domain: Archaea • Characteristics • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Live in extreme environments

6. Domain: Bacteria • Characteristics • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Most habitats

7. Eukarya Kingdom: Protists • Characteristics • Eukaryotic • Unicellular and multicellular • Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic

8. Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi • Characteristics • Eukaryote • Unicellular or multicellular • Absorbs nutrients from environment

9. Eukarya Kingdom: Plants • Characteristics • Eukaryotic • Autotrophic • Multicellular • Contains chloroplast and cell walls

10. Eukarya Kingdom: Animals • Characteristics • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Heterotrophs

11. Classification Rankings *Domain Kingdom * Phylum Class * Order • Family • Genus • Species *Daring Kings * Play Chess * On • Fiber • Glass • Stools

12. Genus and Species • Genus is the first name of an organism. The genus is always capitalized such as • Killer whale : Orcaorca • Species is the 2nd name of an organism. The species is always all lower case such as for human: Homo sapien

13. Review Question • Which of the three taxons below contains the other three? • A. Phylum • B. Species • C. Genus • D. Order

14. Review Question • The system of assigning two names to identify an organism is called bionomial nomenclature. The first name corresponds to an organism’s • A. Family • B. Kingdom • C. Species • D. Genus

15. Review Question • Upon examining samples of water and mud from a nearby river, you come across an unidentified organism. Closer observation indicates that the organism is unicellular and autotrophic. In addition, you can identify a membrane-bound nucleus within the cell. To what kingdom dose this organism most likely belong? • A. Archaea • B. Fungi • C. Protist • D. Bacteria

16. Measurements and Graphs

17. P.A.S.S. Objectives Science Processes & Inquiry P3.5

18. Measurements • Mass • Volume • Length • Temperature

19. Mass: amount of matter in an object • Units – grams (g) • Tool – Balance • Tool -Digital Balance Tool -Triple Beam Balance

20. How to read a Triple Beam Balance • Add the numbers from each mass located on each beam to find the total mass in grams.

21. Length: measurement of distance between two points • Units – Meter (m) • Unit - Centimeter (cm) • Unit - Millimeter (mm) • Tool – Ruler • Tool - Tape measure • Tool – Meter stick

22. Volume: amount of space an object occupies • Unit – Liters (L) • Unit – Milliliters (mL) • Used for liquids • Unit – cubic centimeter • Used for solids with the formula (L x W x H) • Tools • Graduated Cylinder • Pipette (for small liquids) • Tool for solid object is based type of solid

23. How to Read a Graduated Cylinder • Look at the bottom of the curve, called the meniscus, on a flat surface to obtain a proper measurement.

24. Temperature: amount of kinetic energy of an object • Units – degrees Celsius • °C • Tool – Thermometer • Kinetic energy is energy in motion. As the temperature increase, the kinetic energy of an object increases.

25. Density: amount of matter in a given volume • Density = mass/volume • g/mL or grams per milliliter • Very important measurement for identifing different objects in the biosphere and beyond • Population density = the number of organisms in an area • Pop. Density = # of organisms/ area of land

26. Measurement Prefixes: words in place of numerical values |_micro-__|_______|_______|__milli-__|_centi-__|_deci-__|__Base__|__Deka- |_Hecto-_|_Kilo-_| 1/1000000 1/1000 1/100 1/10 Unit (1) 10X 100X 1000X 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 10 0 101 102 103 (0.000001) (0.001) (0.01) P.A.S.S. Objective: P1.3

27. Conversion of measurements 1. Change 1 meter into centimeters: 1 m X 100 cm = 100 cm 1 m 2. Change 5 cm to microns (micrometers): 5 cm X 1 m X 1 x 106 µm = 5 x 104 µm 100 cm 1 m P.A.S.S. Objective: P1.3

28. P.A.S.S. Objectives Science Processes & Inquiry P3.1, P3.2, P3.4, P4.4, P4.5, P6.1, P6.2

29. Steps to the Scientific Method • State a Problem (in the form of a question) • Research background information • State a testable hypothesis (an educated guess) • Set-up a controlled experiment • Collect and analyze data • Conclusion (either null or accepted) • Re-work hypothesis, if null conclusion

30. Experiment Set-Up • Independent Variable – what causes a change; the one item different in experimental set ups. • Dependent Variable – what changes or the results of the change if any; what is measured. • Constant – factors that are kept the same in both groups. • Control – the experimental set up that is not receiving the Independent Variable; what might be considered “normal” conditions.

31. Example of the Scientific Method • Problem: Does Raid or Black Flag kill ants better? • Read the can labels & look for chemical differences. • If Raid contains chemical “X” then it will kill more ants than Black Flag (BF). • 3 sets of ten black ants, all under the same environmental conditions: 1 is given a 1 second blast of Raid; 1 is given a 1 second blast of BF; and the 3rd is left alone (control) • In the Raid container, 8 of 10 ants died; In the BF container, 7 of 10 ants died; In the control, 2 of 10 ants died • Conclusion: Both products seem to work about the same on black ants.

32. Experiment Set-Up: Types of Experimental Data • Qualitative data: data that does NOT require a numerical value such as color, smell, texture. • PASS Objectives: P4.2, P4.6, P4.7 • Quantitative data: data does require a numerical value and an unit usually a measurement. Examples include the number of organisms, length of object, or temperature of the ecosystem.

33. Review Question • A sound experiment will test a hypothesis by the process of • A. collecting information under varied conditions. • B. collecting information under controlled conditions. • C. observing phenomena under varied conditions. • D. asking questions under varied conditions.

34. Review Question • Information gathered from an investigation is called data and can be expressed • A. as verbal, written or numerical information. • B. only in a graph or table. • C. as a hypothesis or a theory. • D. as a peer-reviewed journal article.

35. Graphs: PASS P4.3 & P4.8

36. Making a graph 1. Write a title. Independent v. Dependent 2. Create X & Y axis 3. Label the axis • 4. Determine the units for each axis 5. Graph the data

37. Graph Set-Up • Independent Variable on the x-axis • Label (should include units) • Dependent Variable on the y-axis • Label (should include units) • Title • Y vs. X • Key – optional to the presenter

39. Line Graphs • Shows a relationship between the two variables • Positive Relationship: When one variable increases, as does the other • Negative Relationship When one variable increases, the other decreases

40. Line Graphs • Single line graph shows change over time. • Multiple line graphs can also show comparisons.

41. Bar Graph or Histograms • Shows comparisons.

42. Circle or Pie Chart • Graph that shows the percentage of each variable

43. THE CELLOrganelles, DNA, and Genetics

44. P.A.S.S. Objectives The Cell C1.1 Unless indicated otherwise

45. Cell Organelles

46. Nucleus • Function: • Cell’s Control Center • Eukaryotic Cells • Plant and Animal Cells • Not found in Prokaryotic Cells • Location of DNA and RNA Nucleolus

47. Cell Membrane • Function • Major part of controlling homeostasis • Lets material in and out to maintain balance • Located in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

48. Cell Membrane • Homeostasis is the maintaining of a constant internal environment • Phospholipids are fatty molecules which consist of two layers. • Proteins are used for ACTIVE and PASSIVE transport.

49. Cell Wall • Function • Supports and protects the cell which contains cellulose • Located in • Eukaryotic Cells and some Prokaryotic Cells • Plants ONLY in Eukaryotic Cells • Bacterium have cell walls

50. Cytoplasm • Function • Provides internal structure for the cell • Located in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Cytosol is the solution that fills the cytoplasm