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Objectives

Objectives. General FAR’s concerning aircraft emergencies (handling of mail, notifications…etc.) General airport layout and procedures for entering airport properties (controlled and uncontrolled fields) Aircraft Types (experimental, general aviation and commercial).

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Objectives

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  1. Objectives • General FAR’s concerning aircraft emergencies (handling of mail, notifications…etc.) • General airport layout and procedures for entering airport properties (controlled and uncontrolled fields) • Aircraft Types (experimental, general aviation and commercial)

  2. General Aircraft Construction (experimental, general aviation and commercial) General Hazards (Fluids, types of fuels and onboard Hazmat) Basic rescue techniques (emergency radio frequency, foam operations, where to cut and passenger extrication)

  3. Types of Aircraft & Accident Statistics • 78% of active civil aircraft are single engine. • 10% of active civil aircraft are light twin engine. • 12% of active civil aircraft are over 12,500 lbs. • 95% of all aircraft accidents occur within 10 miles of an airport.

  4. General FAR’s concerning aircraft emergencies (handling of mail, notifications…etc.) • Pilot in Command is considered principally responsible for the aircraft operations, passengers and freight (cargo). • Scene Preservation (A/C150/5200-12C) • Notifications: • FAA • NTSB • Local Law Enforcement • Other Federal Agencies

  5. Federal Agencies • Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) • A branch of the Department of Transportation that focuses on safety in aviation • National Transportation Safety Board • An independent federal agency that investigates the causes of accidents and serious incidents involving aircraft

  6. Federal Agencies • Coast Guard • This is the resource that needs to get involved if an aircraft goes down into any navigable waterway

  7. Police Agencies • Local Police are generally the first law enforcement agency on the scene of a GA incident • Duties may include crowd and traffic control and beginning an investigation • Local Police generally contact State Police who then begin a formal investigation and secure the scene prior to the arrival of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

  8. Police Agencies • Local Police are generally the first law enforcement agency on the scene of a GA incident • Duties may include crowd and traffic control and beginning an investigation • Local Police generally contact State Police who then begin a formal investigation and secure the scene prior to the arrival of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)

  9. Accident vs. Incident • The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is responsible for investigating aviation related accidents and compiling aviation safety statistics

  10. Accident vs. Incident • Accident • “…in which any person suffers death or serious injury as a result of being in or upon the aircraft or by direct contact with the aircraft or anything attached thereto…”

  11. Accident vs. Incident • Incident • “an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations”

  12. Accident vs. Incident • More incidents occur than accidents • If called to respond the first priority is threat to life or property • Local law enforcement will determine if any laws were broken and in most cases will notify the NTSB

  13. N 360° 18 Magnetic North 21 27 9 W E 270° 90° 36 3 S 180° General airport layout and procedures for entering airport properties (controlled and uncontrolled fields)

  14. Two basic classifications of airports • Civil Airports • Used predominately by civil aircraft, which includes commercial and general aviation aircraft • Categories are based on use and Passenger Boarding's • Military Airports • Used almost exclusively by military aircraft

  15. Controlled and Uncontrolled Airports • Controlled Airports • Controlled airports are airports that have an operating tower that provides direction to aircraft in the air and on the ground as well as ground vehicles on airport property • Uncontrolled Airports • If there is no tower the airport is said to be “uncontrolled”, most airports do not have operating control towers

  16. N 360° 18 Magnetic North 21 27 9 W E 270° 90° 36 3 S 180° Runways • Numbering • Identified by their magnetic heading alignment • Taken from compass bearings which run from 0° to 360 ° • 0 ° or 360 ° = North • 90 ° = East • 180 ° = South • 270 ° = West • Always drop the last number, i.e., 360 °= 36

  17. Airport Diagram

  18. Structural Fire Department Operations Involving GA • Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) Part 139 requires that airports which serve commercial air carriers have Aircraft Rescue Fire Fighting (ARFF) services at the airport • Of the over 17,000 General Aviation airports few have fire/rescue personnel and equipment on the property

  19. Structural Fire Department Operations Involving GA • Pilots are trained to first “fly the airplane” • They depend on skilled, knowledgeable fire & rescue personnel once an accident/incident occurs if they become incapacitated

  20. Direct Fire Department-to-Pilot Communications • Sometimes firefighters may speak directly over the radio • May be a very tense situation for the pilot depending on the severity of the situation • Fire personnel must be familiar with phraseology and terminology • If talking to a pilot and air traffic control, ATC has priority

  21. Aircraft Radio Procedures and Phraseology • Procedure • There is a specific procedure to use when communicating over an aircraft radio • This procedure is reversed from what many fire departments use! • Identify who you wish to speak to first, then identify yourself • “Leesburg Ground Control, Engine 1”

  22. Emergency Frequencies • Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) • A device carried on many aircraft which is a portable radio that has it’s own power supply • When activated it transmits a continuous emergency signal that can be received by anyone with a radio tuned to 121.5 MHz • Can be activated manually and automatically by an impact circuit • FAA specialist and other government agencies can find crashed aircraft by using ground based triangulation methods

  23. Emergency Frequencies

  24. Structural Fire Department Operations Involving GA • Different hazards encountered during airfield operations can be deadly to responders • The airport environment is extremely structured • Airports can have restricted access and control movement of all vehicles, people, and aircraft on airport property

  25. Aircraft Types (experimental, general aviation and commercial)

  26. Types of Aviation • Two general type of aviation • Civil Aviation: • Commercial Aviation • General Aviation • Military Aviation

  27. Single Engine – High Wing General Aviation Multi-Engine – Low Wing

  28. General Aviation Lighter Than Air Helicopters

  29. Commercial Aircraft DC-10-30 in Freighter Configuration Passenger Jet

  30. Military Aircraft

  31. Experimental Aircraft

  32. General Hazards (Fluids, types of fuels and onboard Hazmat)

  33. Fuel Systems • Two predominate types of fuel used in GA aircraft • 100-octane AVGAS (100LL) • Properties similar to automobile gas • Jet A • Properties similar to kerosene • Basic premise of dealing with spilled fuel: • Confine spill • Reduce production of vapors • Eliminate ignition sources • Reduce of stop leak

  34. Fuel Systems • Fuel Pumps • Two types of fuel delivery systems are gravity or pump fed • High wing aircraft typically use gravity • Fuel pumps may be electrically operated (using a separate switch) or engine operated so the pump works when the engine is running

  35. SpecificGravity • Jet fuel 0.82 • AVGAS 0.72 GA aircraft fuel load can be 15 - 60 gallons of AVGAS, up to hundreds of gallons of Jet A in larger GA jets

  36. Fuel Systems

  37. Fuel Systems • Fuel Selector • All GA aircraft have some type of fuel selector switch or valve in the cockpit • Some are simply “on/off”, more common is an “off, left wing, right wing, or both” switch • Used to use fuel from different tanks to keep weight evenly dispersed • Safety! Regardless of how many tanks are on the aircraft, the important thing for firefighters to remember is the “OFF” position!

  38. Fuel Systems

  39. Oxygen Systems • Typical, small GA aircraft do not have oxygen systems • High altitude aircraft (above 12,500 feet) with have some oxygen system on board • May be a single “D” size cylinder to larger systems with multiple lines and controls • When doing size up consider pressurized tanks and the effect the oxygen could have if released • Aero medical aircraft may have pressurized or liquid oxygen (LOX) for patients on board

  40. Oxygen Systems

  41. Fire Suppression Systems • Many small, single engine, fixed wing GA aircraft using reciprocating engines have no firefighting equipment on board • Many larger and/or multi-engine aircraft have fixed suppression systems using pressurized Halon or similar agents • These systems are activated by controls in the cockpit

  42. Electrical Systems • Voltages used in small aircraft may be 12 or 24 volts DC • Voltages of 110-115 volts AC on medium to large aircraft • On board batteries provide the initial DC current • Batteries can be located almost anywhere on the aircraft • Batteries typically have quick disconnects

  43. Electrical Systems • Master Switches • Important controls in an aircraft cockpit are marked in red such as the battery circuit, alternator circuit, and main power switches • The number of controls in the cockpit can be overwhelming, look for ones with red markings first and READ to find the controls you need! • Safety! Never just start moving controls and throwing switches just because they are red!

  44. Electrical Systems

  45. Electrical Systems

  46. Electrical Systems

  47. Hydraulic Systems • Augment human and mechanical forces used to control aircraft • Systems in the family car are similar to those used in some GA aircraft braking systems • Generally, the larger the aircraft the more hydraulics are used • Helicopters are especially dependent on hydraulic systems • Pressures can be as high as 3000 psi.

  48. Basic rescue techniques (foam operations, where to cut and passenger extrication)

  49. Ingress or Egress Access • Aircraft Materials • Predominate material used in GA is aluminum or aluminum alloy • To a lesser degree, steel, magnesium, titanium and wood also may be found • The use of composite materials such as carbon fiber, fiberglass, Kevlar and graphite is increasing

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