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Protein Synthesis

Learn about the two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA, their structures, history, replication, mutations, and protein synthesis process. Discover how mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes work together to create proteins. Practice decoding genetic information with examples.

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis ch10

  2. Nucleic Acids • Two Main Types: • DeoxyriboNucleic Acid • RiboNucleicAcid • mRNA • tRNA • rRNA or Ribosomes • Little pieces of DNA are called Nucleotides and there are only four types: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine • RNA trades Thymine for Uracil

  3. DNA- Characteristics • Double Helix = Looks like a twisted ladder • Double Stranded • Sides are made of Sugar and Phosphate groups • Rungs are made of two Nitrogen Bases • A and T • C and G

  4. DNA-History • 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick with a lot of help from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

  5. DNA Replication • Since DNA is in every cell of our body, it must be replicates when they divide. • Special enzymes (proteins) “unzip” the DNA, then another enzyme adds new bases. • You end with two copies; one new strand matched with one new one.

  6. Mutations • THE CAT RAN AND GOT FIT • THE CAT RAN AND GOT FAT • THE KAT RAN AND GOT FIT • THE CAT RAA NDG OTF IT • THE CAT ZRA NAN DGO TFI T

  7. RNA • Similar to DNA but… • Has U not T • Single Strand • Can leave nucleus • Ribose not deoxyribose • Follows same base pairing rules • Carries information on making proteins from nucleus to cytoplasm • DNA is opened, enzyme matches one side with new bases, sequence is checked and leaves the nucleus to make protein

  8. Protein Synthesis • mRNA leaves the nucleus and takes the information into the cytoplasm

  9. mRNA works with ribosomes and tRNA to put the amino acids that make up a protein in the right order. • Ribosomes ‘read’ the mRNA in sets of three – CODONS • We can use a ‘secret decoder chart’ to figure out what these codons code for: • The tRNA acts like a taxi and transports the amino acid to the mRNA

  10. Lets practice breaking the code: • mRNA: AAU CGU • mRNA: GUC CUA • mRNA: GGG UAC CCU • DNA: TAG GTA CCC • DNA: CTGATCCTAGCTTTT • DNA: T T A C A T G C G Complementary DNA: mRNA from top strand: tRNA: Amino Acids:

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